Data mining titanic dataset Essay Example

Information mining titanic dataset Paper Titanic dataset Submitted by: Submission date 8/1/2013 Declaration Author: Contents Dated: 29/12/2012 The database compares to the sinking of the titanic on April the fifteenth 1912. It is a piece of a database containing the travelers and team who were on board the boat, and different credits corresponding to them. The reason for this assignment is to apply the procedure of CRISP-DMS and follow the stages and undertakings of this model. Utilizing the arrangement technique in fast excavator and both the choice tree and INN calculations, I will make a preparation model and attempt apply the class endure or didnt endure. On the off chance that I apply a choice tree to the dataset for what it's worth, I get a forecast pace of 78%. I will attempt different methods all through this report to build the general forecast rate. Information mining goals: I might want to investigate the pre imagined thoughts I have about the sinking of the titanic, and demonstrate on the off chance that they are right. Was there a larger part of third class travelers who kicked the bucket? What was the proportion of travelers who kicked the bucket, male or female? Did the area of lodges have any kind of effect with respect to who endure? Did valor ring through and did Women and kids first really occur? We will compose a custom article test on Data digging titanic dataset explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Data digging titanic dataset explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Data digging titanic dataset explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Information Understanding: Describe the information: Figure Class name: Survive (1 or O) 1 = endure, kicked the bucket. Type = Binomial. Complete: 891. Endure: 342, Died: 549 Attributes: 10 traits 891 columns The dataset have fundamentally an absolute sort of property so there is uninformed substance. This may demonstrate a choice tree would be a fitting model to utilize. I can see that the quantity of lines in the dataset is without a doubt 10 to multiple times the quantity of sections, so the quantity of cases is sufficient. There doesnt appear to be any inconsistencys in the information. Pappas: first, second, or third class. Type: polynomial. Downright, third class: 491, second class: 216, first class: 184 0 missing Name: Name of Sex: Male, female. Type: binomial. Male: 577, Female: 314 0 missing Age: from 0. 420 to 80. Normal age: 29, standard deviation of 14+-, Max was 80. 177 missing Sibs (Siblings ready): Type: whole number. Normal under 1, most elevated 8. This proposed an exception, yet on assessment the names where there were 8 kin compared. (The name was savvy, third class travelers, all passed on. ) O missing Parch: number of guardians, kids installed. Type: whole number. Normal: 0. 3, deviation 0. 8. Max was 6. O missing Ticket: ticket number. Type: polynomial. To me these ticket numbers appear to be very arbitrary and my first tendency is to dispose of them. O missing Fare: Cost of ticket. Type: genuine. Normal: 32, deviation +-49. Most extreme 512. There is by all accounts a significant difference in the scope of qualities here. Three tickets cost 512, anomalies? O missing Cabin: lodge numbers. Type: polynomial. 687 missing From taking a gander at this information I want to limit one of my underlying inquiries regarding lodge numbers. In the event that there was more information it may be an intriguing component as respects lodge areas and endurance. As it stands the nature of the information isn't acceptable, there are Just o many missing sections. I. E. More prominent than 40%. So I will erase (sift through) the lodge trait from the dataset. The age characteristic could cause an issue with the measure of fields missing. There are beyond any reasonable amount to erase. I may utilize the normal of any age to fill in the spaces. Investigate the information: From an underlying investigation of the information, I had the option to take a gander at different plots and discovered some intriguing outcomes. I have attempted to hold my discoveries to my underlying inquiries that I needed replied. Was there a lion's share of third class travelers who kicked the bucket? You can tell from Figure 2 this was valid. This diagram Just shows endurance by class, third class fairing the most exceedingly awful. Again this is appeared with a disperse plot however with the additional characteristic sex. You can see on the female side of the top of the line travelers, just a couple passed on. Curiously it shows that it was for the most part male third class travelers who died, and it is exhibited that more guys then females kicked the bucket. There is a reasonable division in classes illustrated. This chart responds to my other inquiry. What was the proportion of travelers who kicked the bucket, male or female? From this we can see that chiefly guys didn't endure. Despite the fact that there were more guys ready (577), around 460 died. From the females (314), around 235 endure. Another trait that needs consideration is the age class. I needed to see whether the ladies and youngsters first strategy was clung to, however there are 177 missing age esteems. This will confound my outcomes on this. From leaving the 177 as they seem to be, I get this diagram: however this isn't decisive in Figure 5. I believed that the toll cost may demonstrate a childrens cost and along these lines permit me to fill during a time, yet the passage cost doesnt appear to have a lot of example. Another thought I thought may help is take a gander at the names of travelers, I. . Miss may imply a lower age. (In 1912 the normal time of marriage was 22, so anybody with title miss could have an age under 22. ) Names which incorporate ace may demonstrate a youthful age also. Figure 5 likewise shows potential exceptions on the correct hand side. From this diagram I could undoubtedly observe the breakdown of the distinctive class of traveler and where they set out from. Clearly Southampton had the biggest number of travelers jump aboard. Question had the most elevated extent of third class travelers contrasted with second and first class at that port, and its likewise fascinating o note this was an Irish port. This chart further investigates the port of dike and shows the endurance rate from each, just as the various classes. To me it appears that most of third class travelers were lost who originated from Southampton port, despite the fact that they had the most elevated measure of third class travelers. A more intensive gander at Southampton port. The greater part who didnt endure were third class (blue), likewise noted is the bunch of first class travelers (green) who kicked the bucket, yet Southampton had the most elevated number of first class travelers to board. See figure 6. Check information quality There were various missing qualities in the dataset. The most noteworthy measure of missing information originated from the lodge characteristic. As it is higher than 45% (687 missing) I chose to sift through this segment. There are likewise 177 missing qualities from the age trait. This measure of missing information is again too huge a rate to overlook and should be filled in. I can see that the dataset contains under 1000 lines, so I feel that inspecting won't need to be performed. There doesnt appear to be any inconsistencys in the information. There are as yet 2 missing snippets of data from the bank property. I see that they are first class travelers so from my diagram on bank I want to put her dike from Churchgoer. The other traveler is a George Nelson, which I will add to Southampton. I chose to sift through names moreover. I dont perceive how it can help in the dataset. It might have assisted with age, by taking a gander at the title as I stated, yet for this I Just utilized the normal age to supplant the missing qualities. Another way to deal with filling in the missing age fields may be direct relapse. Evacuate potential anomalies? I can see that there might be a few exceptions. For example in the charges quality, there re three tickets which cost 512 when the normal is 32. They were top of the line tickets, yet the thing that matters is tremendous. Information Preparation: Here is the aftereffect of utilizing x approval on the dataset before any information readiness has occurred. I will currently sift through the issue of 667 lodge numbers missing. With it being higher than 40%, Vive chose to erase the characteristic altogether. Vive additionally erased the name trait, as I dont perceive how it will help. By erasing lodge, name and ticket, here is the outcome I get: I supplanted the missing age fields with the normal of ages, this expanded the precision gently and gave these outcomes with x approval: I utilized recognize exceptions and picked the main ten and afterward sifted them through. This gave this outcome: The class review for endure has not improved a lot. Expanding the quantity of neighbors in the recognize exceptions administrator improved things, likewise constraining the channel to erasing 5 improved an exactness. I chose to utilize indicated binning for the ages and broke the ages into three canisters. For youngsters matured up to 13, moderately aged from 13 to 45, and more established from 45 to 80. I attempted diverse age ranges and found that these reaches yielded the best outcomes. It increased the exactness. I likewise utilized binning for the passages, parting them into low, mid, and high which additionally improved outcomes on the disarray network. I utilized identify anomaly to locate the ten most clear anomalies, and afterward utilized a channel to dispose of them. I have chosen to expel lodge from the dataset, and furthermore there are 177 missing age esteems which I have attempted different methodologies in evolving. I changed the ages to the normal age, yet this gives a spike in the quantity of ages 29. 7. Case of normal age issue: Modeling: I attempted to actualize both the choice tree and hotel calculations, seeing as the dataset as fundamentally all out. I found that motel yielded the best outcomes with respect to precision. This was set at k=l . The precision was not extraordinary at 73%. The boundary of K is excessively little and might be impacted by commotion. Motel: 5 worked the best at 82. 38%. This is by all accounts the ideal incentive for k, and the separation is fixed. Class exactness is about even on each class. Choice tree: The choice tree calculation didnt give me as much precision, and I found that killing pre pruning gave me a superior exactness. From the deci

Macbeths path to evil Essay Example for Free

Macbeths way to fiendish Essay In Macbeth, plainly Macbeth toward the beginning of the play is an alternate individual to Macbeth toward the finish of the play. Over the span of the play, he changes a lot, most clearly from a decent and devoted thane of Scotland to an unfeeling and savage ruler. Toward the start of the play, he is at his noblest. He has demonstrated incredible fortitude and faithfulness: bold Macbeth well he merits that name, and is viewed as a saint by Duncan, the ruler, for closure the disobedience in Scotland, and is thought dependable: O valiant cousin! commendable man of honor! He is an incredible warrior and one of the pioneers of the Scottish armed force: like valours follower carvd out his entry. However he is driven, and this leads him to turn into an awful ruler, moving starting with one demonstration of viciousness then onto the next, seeing one danger after another, so murdering heart and pity. As he is lord of Scotland, his underhanded floods Scotland, making it awfully unnatural and loaded up with dread: A bird of prey/Was by a mousing owl hawkd at and killd. In any case, toward the finish of the play he despite everything shows that he has not lost his boldness as he bites the dust battling: Exeunt, battling, yet it is to some degree decreased and his dread has developed as before in the play he is terrified of the spirits: But no more sights! However toward the start of the play he battled a ridiculous and grisly fight where a solitary, disengaged, heavily clad head (the presence of the principal specter) would not have been a remarkable sight. One might say that toward the finish of the play Macbeth is a lowlife, as Malcolm does: this dead butcher, or that he is an unfortunate saint, as he battled, realizing that Macduff would murder him: And thou opposd, being of no lady conceived,/Yet I will attempt the last. So as to be an appalling legend be that as it may, he needs a disastrous imperfection. This could either be his desire, which makes him be readily influenced by the witches and hazard everything, or it could be his mental fortitude, as he doesn't understand that fearlessness is some of the time the capacity to state no. Yet, Shakespeares crowd would more than likely think of him as destined for Hell, as he at no time in the play requests absolution. One of the convictions on which Christianity is fabricated is that regardless of what individuals do on Earth, on the off chance that they request absolution they will be excused by God, and Shakespeares crowd would generally have been comprised of reliable Christians. R egardless of what individuals do to make up for themselves, God doesn't excuse them except if they request to be. Be that as it may, this change from great to malicious doesn't occur without any forethought. It is activated toward the start by the witches, who open the play in the most unnatural of ways for a Shakespearian catastrophe. The scene is short, just 12 lines in length, and it is unnatural inside and out. The three witches are powerful creatures: you ought to be ladies,/And yet your facial hair restrict me to decipher/That you are in this way, the climate is unnatural and fierce, even the incantatory verse that Shakespeare gives them is unnatural, as nobody else in the play ever talks similarly as they do. It is an introduction to the malicious occasions that will happen all through the play. They have arranged out everything and know precisely what will happen when they disclose to Macbeth that he will be above all else one day: There to meet with Macbeth, All hail, Macbeth! that shalt be King from now on. All through the play, Macbeth attempts to control the witches, yet he never can: Speak, I charge you. Witches disappear, and he attempts the equivalent with the phantoms, and is chided by the witches: He knows thy thought:/Hear his discourse, however state thou nothing. He doesn't understand that he can't control either Fate or such ridiculous animals as the witches. Likewise all through the play, the witches treat Macbeth as one of their own, and he doesn't understand that he discovers them simply because they need him to: Something evil thusly comes. /Open locks,/Whoever thumps. Shakespeare makes this examination between them in Macbeths absolute first line, by giving him nearly precisely the same words as he gave the witches: So foul and reasonable a day I have not seen. The witches are likewise noteworthy to Shakespeares crowd on the grounds that there are three of them. There has consistently been an old notion that the number three is an enchanted number, yet the vast majority of the Shakespearian crowd would promptly connect it with the Holy Trinity Father, Son, and Holy Ghost. In Macbeth this has been rearranged, as such a significant number of different things may be. Rather, there is an Infernal Trinity; the three witches or a progressively intricate one, comprised of the witches, Macbeth, and Lady Macbeth. All things considered, there could likewise be a manifestation of the Holy Trinity in Macbeth, spoke to by Macduff, Malcolm, and Banquo. Macbeths movement to underhanded is essentially set apart out by his discourses and the killings that he performs, or arranges. He begins as a relentless and respectable warrior, slaughtering rebels for his King and nation. At that point, when his aspiration has begun to assume control over, he proceeds to slaughter Duncan, an honest, unprotected, elderly person: Most profane homicide hath broke ope/the Lords blessed sanctuary. He places a lot of thought into this before playing out the deed, bantering with himself whether to do it or not: Hes here in twofold trust/his host,/Who ought to against his killer shut the entryway/Not hold up under the blade myself. What's more, when he has played out the horrendous deed, he thinks twice about it harshly: Wake Duncan with thy thumping! I would thou couldst! His delay in any case, isn't the dithering of dread, as he has a horrendous mental fortitude, however of a personal, covered information among good and bad. At that point he proceeds to slaughter Banquo, however not by and by. He gives less idea to this deed: There is none however he/Whose being I do dread; and he doesn't lament the deed by any stretch of the imagination, yet is frozen of Banquos apparition at the crowning ceremony meal. Banquo, when he is slaughtered, realizes what has unfolded: I dread,/Thou playdst most disgustingly for t. He knows how Macbeth became lord and that he executed Duncan, and furthermore realizes that he is behind his own homicide: O injustice! Macbeth at long last requests the homicides of Lady Macduff and her youngsters: provide for the edge of the blade/His better half, his angels. While executing men was viewed as an incredible wrongdoing, slaughtering a lady and her kids was viewed as a much more regrettable wrongdoing. This is managed without qualm and never thinks twice about it; he never makes reference to it to himself after it has happened: The very firstlings of my heart will be/The firstlings of my hand. As he turns out to be progressively shrewd, so Scotland turns out to be progressively unnatural. This is most clearly indicated when Banquo kicks the bucket to spare Fleance, a parent giving up himself for his childs life, which is common: Fly, acceptable Fleance, fly, fly, fly! Later in the play in any case, obviously Scotland has gotten progressively unnatural as the Son passes on trying to spare Lady Macduff, a youngster giving up himself for his folks life: He has killd me, mother:/Run away; I supplicate you! This is unnatural and fizzles, as both Lady Macduff and her Son bite the dust. At long last, another indication of Macbeths plummet to insidious is that he turns out to be increasingly disconnected. This is primarily appeared by the expanding measure of talks that Shakespeare gives him, but on the other hand is appeared by his relationship with Lady Macbeth. Toward the start of the play they are a glad couple, who love each other seriously: my dearest accomplice of significance, yet as the play advances, particularly after Duncans murder, Macbeth isolates himself from his better half, and once he is above all else, she should request to see him: Say to the ruler, I would go to his relaxation. All Macbeths deeds are thusly considered without anyone else, in contrast to the homicide of Duncan, in which Lady Macbeth did the greater part of the reasoning and arranging: Leave all the rest to me, and Macbeth keeps Lady Macbeth out of the homicide of Banquo in any event, when she asks him what he is arranging: Be guiltless of the information/Till thou acclaim the deed . These focuses show how Macbeth turns out to be progressively malevolent all through the play, inevitably turning into a much dreaded scoundrel, or an awful saint.

Historic Timeline From 1850 to 1860

Memorable Timeline From 1850 to 1860 The 1850s was a crucial decade in the nineteenth century. In the United States, strains over subjection became unmistakable and emotional occasions rushed the countries development towards common war. In Europe, new innovation was praised and the extraordinary forces battled the Crimean War. 1850 January 29: The Compromise of 1850â was presented in the U.S. Congress. The enactment would in the end pass and be exceptionally dubious, yet it basically deferred the Civil War by 10 years. February 1: Edward Eddie Lincoln, a four-year-old child of Abraham and Mary Todd Lincoln, passed on in Springfield, Illinois.â July 9: President Zachary Taylor passed on in the White House. His VP, Millard Fillmore, climbed to the administration. July 19: Margaret Fuller, an early women's activist author and editorial manager, kicked the bucket shockingly at 40 years old in a wreck on the bank of Long Island. September 11: The principal New York City show by Swedish drama vocalist Jenny Lind drummed up some excitement. Her visit, advanced by P.T. Barnum, would cross America for the next year. December 7: The principal scissors transport worked by Donald McKay, the Stag Hound, was propelled. 1851 May 1: A huge display of innovation opened in London with a service went to by Queen Victoria and the occasions support, her better half Prince Albert. Prize-winning advancements appeared at the Great Exhibition included photos by Mathew Brady and the harvester of Cyrus McCormick. September 11: In what got known as the Christiana Riot, a Maryland slaveholder was murdered when he endeavored to catch a runaway slave in rustic Pennsylvania. September 18: Journalist Henry J. Raymond distributed the primary issue of the New York Times. November 14: Herman Melville’s tale Moby Dickâ was distributed. <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/AaUgKrU-D9zYiCm32h0rzJD63JY=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Henry-Clay-illo-3000-3x2gty-56a489675f9b58b7d0d77058.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/uWvLe6jUAMl0vLfIYecvdNDe_BA=/975x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Henry-Clay-illo-3000-3x2gty-56a489675f9b58b7d0d77058.jpg 975w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/uwC4av9cF01gqKsYlO2Dzr96e0U=/1650x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Henry-Clay-illo-3000-3x2gty-56a489675f9b58b7d0d77058.jpg 1650w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/cJKVw_l7mR0MjTEkLyIA1EntwEM=/3000x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Henry-Clay-illo-3000-3x2gty-56a489675f9b58b7d0d77058.jpg 3000w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/a9ZLYoFhQVJ0tkmq4GBJ0TuECmM=/3000x2010/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Henry-Clay-illo-3000-3x2gty-56a489675f9b58b7d0d77058.jpg src=//:0 alt=Engraved picture of lawmaker Henry Clay class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-24 information following container=true /> Henry Clay. Getty Images 1852 Walk 20: Harriet Beecher Stowe distributed Uncle Tom’s Cabin. June 29: Death of Henry Clay. The extraordinary lawmakers body was taken from Washington, D.C. to his home in Kentucky and expound memorial service observances were held in urban areas en route. July 4: Frederick Douglassâ delivered striking discourse, â€Å"The Meaning of July fourth for the Negro.† October 24: Death of Daniel Webster. November 2: Franklin Pierce chose President of the United States. 1853 Walk 4: Franklin Pierce confirmed as President of the United States. July 8: Commodore Matthew Perry cruised into Japanese harbor close to give day Tokyo four American warships, requesting to convey a letter to the ruler of Japan. December 30: Gadsden Purchase signed.â <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/Tkt4YK-GVvDgV-CaLe1BF_Cn9DU=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/ss-cold 2760-gty-56a486e23df78cf77282d972.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/1abRK48Nz0s9VIdQrqyWkgtjgZQ=/915x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/ss-ice 2760-gty-56a486e23df78cf77282d972.jpg 915w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/s6HosyLz0sI5ZBo-DO2eXOJwvW4=/1530x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/ss-ice 2760-gty-56a486e23df78cf77282d972.jpg 1530w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/N6nKOagkTP1qVnB9iKcJq27Vb-Q=/2760x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/ss-ice 2760-gty-56a486e23df78cf77282d972.jpg 2760w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/k27ixj14DTwDn8_GjHfuutCuLOU=/2760x1950/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/ss-cold 2760-gty-56a486e23df78cf77282d972.jpg src=//:0 alt=illustration of the sinking of the SS Arctic class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-43 information following container=true /> The sinking of the S.S. Cold. Library of Congressâ 1854 Walk 28: Britain and France pronounce war on Russia, entering The Crimean War. The contention between was exorbitant and had a befuddling reason. Walk 31: Treaty of Kanagawa marked. The bargain opened Japan up for exchange, after impressive weight from the United States. May 30: The Kansas-Nebraska Act marked into law. The enactment, intended to diminish the strain over subjection, really has the contrary impact. September 27: The steamship S.S. Cold crashed into another boat off the shoreline of Canada and sank with an incredible death toll. The fiasco was viewed as shameful as ladies and youngsters were left beyond words the cold waters of the Atlantic. October 21: Florence Nightingale left Britain for the Crimean War. Her administration helping war zone setbacks would make her a legend and set another standard for nursing. November 6: Birth of arranger and bandleader John Philip Sousa. 1855 January 28: The Panama Railroad opened, and the principal train to make a trip from the Atlantic to the Pacific went on it. Walk 8: British picture taker Roger Fenton, with his wagon of photographic apparatus, showed up at the Crimean War. He would put forth the primary genuine attempt to photo a war. July 4: Walt Whitman distributed his first release of Leaves of Grass in Brooklyn, New York. November 17: David Livingstone turned into the primary European to arrive at Victoria Falls in Africa. November 21: Violence over bondage ejected in the U.S. region of Kansas toward the beginning of the pre-war inconveniences that would get known as â€Å"Bleeding Kansas.† <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/3D6nlfP7xgC9jCPVLe_yggaXbxM=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Brooks-Sumner-Senate-3000gty-56a488415f9b58b7d0d76f06.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/qk0Fg7aYUW4B-ag8GObmvISAwPU=/975x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Brooks-Sumner-Senate-3000gty-56a488415f9b58b7d0d76f06.jpg 975w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/sL76Q62QeAMtX0uFrSr9XshTGBc=/1650x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Brooks-Sumner-Senate-3000gty-56a488415f9b58b7d0d76f06.jpg 1650w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/yk1u_YKVPt58hdwqkBiV5xGKJdY=/3002x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Brooks-Sumner-Senate-3000gty-56a488415f9b58b7d0d76f06.jpg 3002w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/Chkwh1ob9GnSIlhT1JVDH-9_ypc=/3002x2026/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Brooks-Sumner-Senate-3000gty-56a488415f9b58b7d0d76f06.jpg src=//:0 alt=Congressman Preston Brooks assaulting Senator Charles Sumner class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-68 information following container=true /> Congressman Preston Brooks assaulted Senator Charles Sumner on the floor of the U.S. Senate. Getty Images 1856 February 18: The Know-Nothing Party held a show and names previous president Millard Fillmore as its presidential applicant. May 22: Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts wasâ attacked and beaten with a stick in the U.S. Senate chamber by Representative Preston Brooks of South Carolina. The about lethal beating was provoked by a discourse the abolitionist servitude Sumner gave in which he offended an ace subjection Senator. His aggressor, Brooks, was proclaimed a saint in the slave states, and southerners asked for money and sent him new sticks to supplant the one he had fragmented while beating Sumner. May 24: Abolitionist devotee John Brown and his adherents executed the Pottawatomie Massacre in Kansas. October: A progression of episodes start the Second Opium War among Britain and China. November 4: James Buchanan chose leader of the United States. 1857 Walk 4: James Buchananâ was initiated as President of the United States. He turned out to be extremely sick at his own introduction, bringing up issues in the press about whether he had been harmed in a bombed death endeavor. Walk 6: The Dred Scott Decision was reported by the U.S. Preeminent Court. The choice, which declared that African Americans couldn't be American residents, aggravated the discussion over servitude. 1858 Augustâ€October 1858: Perennial opponents Stephen Douglas and Abraham Lincoln held a progression of seven discussions in Illinois while running for a U.S. Senate seat. Douglas won the political race, yet the discussions raised Lincoln, and his abolitionist bondage sees, to national noticeable quality. Paper transcribers recorded the substance of the discussions, and bits that were distributed in papers acquainted Lincoln with a crowd of people outside of Illinois. 1859 August 27: The primary oil very much was penetrated in Pennsylvania to a profundity of 69 feet. The next morning it was found to be s

Reasons of the High Homosexual Marriage Rate

Reflections on the Toyota Debacle + When Theres No Such Thing as Too Much Information - Article Example lity items created, quickening pedals that stuck totally free floor mats and the clingy pedal materials after presentation to dampness and erosion (Cusumano 34). Answer: In my feeling, Toyota was not happy with its prosperity. This was on the grounds that; the organization continued attempting to transcend its rivals. Something else was the organization was quick to give clients the best quality particularly after the many gripes. An agreeable organization could have quite recently sat and proceed with creation without disapproving of the numerous organizations made. Answer: Several things have astonished me about the article. One, the creator is by all accounts so enthused about each part of Toyota Company undoubtedly. Two, another shock is on how Toyota has figured out how to stay in the highest point of the automobile business much in the wake of being the organization with the most deformities recognized. Answer: Blockbuster Video rental chain has been a flourishing organization until the presentation of innovation. Lion's share of the individuals presently can get to online recordings, which has decreased the clients stream to the rental shops. Answer: Pillsbury is a food creation organization. Because of its developing worldwide piece of the overall industry the business has a developing data requirement for the two its clients and its workers. It presently utilizes StatServer to pass on modified information, examination and teach representatives on their work areas (Tibco 1).The apparatus has improved the company’s efficiency by permitting workers to redesign singular work area information investigation devices. Pinnacle ventures manage plastic creations. It representatives involve a group of architects, craftsmans, and undertaking supervisors. To keep giving great items and administrations to their clients, the organization utilizes a refined ERP framework (Localdirectory 1). This has empowered them gain a high consumer loyalty and representative effectiveness in

Lets say you have two applicants... - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

Lets say you have two applicants... - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Lets say you have two applicants During the course of a year, every admissions office is bombarded with a number of similar questions, with one being the most prevalent and challenging, and it always starts with Lets say you have two applicants . There are six of the most difficult words to work with for any admissions counselor! GPAs, test scores, and activities are then speculated upon, with a desire that the admissions officer can magically say who would be admitted first. But now, it is your turn to hear these six words and review two applications! First, the rules: Both of the applicants are fictional characters who in no way are based on actual people (sounds like Law and Order, doesnt it). As this focus is on first-year applicants, only current or future first-year applicants or their parents should respond. For this exercise, you will not be determining who should be admitted, but which applicant you think is stronger overall for UGA. I have no idea if both, one or neither of the applicants would be admitted, so lets just focus on who you think is a stronger applicant. Both of these are strong applicants!! Put yourselves in UGAs shoes, with a review of the whole student (not Early Action), and on what UGA looks at in an admission file. Have fun, be nice, and I hope this works out well! Applicant I Georgia Resident, Male International Affairs major 5 AP courses (AP Psych, AP US Hist., AP Eur. Hist, AP Lang., AP Human Geography), multiple Honors courses 3.64 GPA as calculated by UGA SAT: 650 CR, 720 M, 530 W Strong Essays, very organized and crisp Involved in six clubs (Two for 4 years, two for 2 years, one cooking club- he founded senior year), leadership roles in 2 clubs Plays two sports (one fresh/sophomore years, one four years, captain senior year) Wonderful, glowing recommendations Mother and Father are alumni 2 awards (college book award and one most spirited) Applicant II Out-of-State Resident, Female Undecided major 3 AP courses (AP Chem, AP Spanish, AP Calculus), numerous Honors courses, 2 dual enrollment English classes senior year at local research University 3.83 GPA as calculated by UGA SAT: 550 CR, 560 M, 540 W ACT: 29 Composite, 30 Engl, 29 Math, 28 Read, 29 Sci, 28 Engl/Writing Strong essays, very personal and insightful Involved in 3 clubs (all for four years, Editor in one, VP in another) Plays one sport (Varsity for 4 years, Captain twice) Volunteers at local library Wonderful, glowing recommendations 1 award (most determined) Some of the items I have listed are important, while others have no impact on a decision. I will monitor any responses and give you my opinion at a later date. Please respond by saying which applicant you believe to be stronger and why. *no applicants were injured in the making of this simulation. Go Dawgs!

The Old Pillars of New Retailing - 275 Words

The Old Pillars of New Retailing (Book Review Sample) Content: The Old Pillars of New RetailingRetailing business has increasing become competitive over the years. The increased competition has lead to the collapse of some of the biggest retailers as well as forced some of the market players to re-strategize on the best actions to overcome the intensive competition. Actions such as price cuts or discounts, intensive advertising and marketing have not done enough to guarantee the retailers a share of the existing market. This is because the modern clients need a total customer experience from the retailers.The customers want to associate with a retailer who offers unique solutions to their needs, prices goods fairly, offers convenience and a retailer who has respect for the clients and above all emotionally connected. These are the five factors or pillars that would help a retailer create a competitive edge and be successful in retail operation. The five pillars are explained as follows; * Offering unique solutions to customers needsRetailers should offer products and services different from what the competitors could offer. It is important for the retailers to develop a client-based approach in business with customized products and services that meet their unique needs. * RespectThe way you treat your customer determines whether they will need your products and services in future. The retailers should be ensure that they show respect for every client. The customers should leave the retail shop with a good impression of the people working there. The management of any retail business should hence ensure that the staffs are trained on handling clients. * Emotional connectionSuccess in retail business requires the retailer create an emotional connection between the customer and the product. The retailers need to help the client understand the product that they want to buy. It is good for a client to have more knowledge on the good that he or she would have otherwise not known. In turn, the client will apprec iate the retailer for being caring, concerned and support...

A Cyber Security Incident Response Team - 1448 Words

Handling IT Security Breaches One of the biggest challenges that businesses face today is planning and preparing for security breaches, especially how to react and respond to cyber security incidents and security breaches. Security-related threats have become quite a nuisance and are more diverse than ever before. The security-related threats have become more disruptive to business processes and more damaging to company’s reputation. With preventative activities encompassing the results of risk assessments, penetration tests, and an effective vulnerability management programs can lessen the effects and decrease the impact of incidents. There is no way to completely prevent all incidents from happening within the company’s networks during†¦show more content†¦Identify, contain, and eradicate cyber threats to the bank and its infrastructure, and restore resources in the event of a cyber-incident. Minimize the disruption to both internal and external customers. Provide the necessary input and support to the appropriate infrastructure unit to recover any computer systems impacted during a cyber-incident. Collect data and evidence for potential prosecution. This document will outline the basic CSIRT approach in four phases that will provide preparation, detection and analysis, containment, eradication and recovery, post-incident activity and lessons learned. CSIRT Mission The primary mission of the bank’s CSIRT is to effectively remove threats from bank’s computing environment, while minimizing damage and restoring daily operations as quickly as possible. Additional objectives of the CSIRT are to: Respond to all cyber security incidents or suspected incidents using an organized, formal investigative process. Quickly determine if an intrusion or security incident actually occurred. Assess the impact and scope of a security incident. Contain, eradicate, and remediate the incident. Minimize the disruption to business and network operations for both internal and external customers. Collect and document all evidence related to an incident. Select and engage additional support as necessary. Incident Playbooks With every security incident being different from one another it is impossible to foresee

Essay on Comparison Between Frederick Douglass and...

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass AND the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Comparison Essay By: Evan Weinstock Period 7 3/11/13 During the period around The Civil War the country was in a major change and the issue slavery was at the forefront. Racial tensions were very high as most Northerners wanted the slaves to be free and all slaves wanted their freedom. During this time period of pre, during and post-Civil War many books and narratives of people’s lives and experiences where written and stories were past from generation to generation. During the Post-Civil War time both the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass and the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn were written and published and both would become classics. In both†¦show more content†¦In Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Fredrick is treated terribly by all of his masters and no one cares about him or any of the other slaves. The southerners act like they are disposable and that they can just go buy another one. All of his owners treat him like trash and beat him until he stand up to one and fights him af ter that he is left alone. Everyone in Frederick Douglass is a mean person who doesn’t care about anyone but themselves and how much money they can make. The biggest difference in both books is that the way you see the pain and struggles of the people in the story is through a fictional character in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass. In The Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass you hear about the horror of the South and slavery through the life story of Frederick, you learn about true events that actually happened and how bad the situation in the United States was around the Civil War Era. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn you hear about what happens through the made up stories of Mark Twain. Even though some of the stories in his book have some truth from his life experiences, he made all of them up and in the book there is truth about the time period from the way that people treated blacks andShow MoreRelatedCo mpare and Contrast the Representation of the Figure of the Slave, and of the Theme of Freedom, in Douglass’s â€Å"Narrative† and Twain’s â€Å"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn†.1445 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Narrative† and Twain’s â€Å"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn†. The two novels that I am studying are â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† by Mark Twain, and â€Å"The Narrative of Frederick Douglass – Written by Himself†. Both these texts give us an insight into the life of slavery and the societal beliefs of the South in America in the nineteenth century. The theme of freedom and the figure of the slave are two common aspects of the book that I shall be looking at. Frederick Douglass’ text gives us a first personRead MoreA Comparison Piece of Mark Twains the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and Frederick Douglasss Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave834 Words   |  4 PagesMark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and Frederick Douglasss Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave can be said to be comparison pieces. Despite that Huck Finn is a fictional character and Douglass was a physical being, certain characteristics and developmental processes are very sim ilar. Firstly, in the initial stages of their lives, both Huck and Douglass faced repression, though in different forms. While Huck is a character whose spirit longs to fly freely

Free Sites for Question-and-Answer Homework Help Online

Research Report On Science Fair Louis Carter - 806 Words

Research Report For Science Fair Louis Carter Introduction Picture this, a child is at the store and sees a box of nuts and isn’t interested. Later down the aisle he sees a colorful box with his favorite movie character â€Å"Lightning McQueen† and begs his mother to let him buy it. Guess what’s in the box? Mixed Nuts. My question is, â€Å"Does childish packaging encourage children to want that product more compared to another of the same product with duller packaging. The purpose of this project is to not fail my class, of which this is required. In 2002 Peterson and Fjellstrom found that in the United States and other leading world countries that children have gained an increased spending power in the families. This study followed a trend showing marketers began marketing their products toward the children not the parents. It has been said that every adult product from â€Å"soup to soap† has been scaled down and â€Å"funned up† to market to younger children. An increased advertising after school and on saturday morning has been added to market toys and food to children. In a study of nutritional foods and what sells them to children, Feinstein and Lobstein defined a child’s food as any product that includes at least one of the following: a character they see in a familiar cartoon, 1 Louis Carter characters appealing to kids and teens, childish animals (like a dinosaur orShow MoreRelatedHenri Fayol Management Principals Through Experience4718 Words   |  19 Pagesorganization† (Parker Louis, 1995, p.223). As Fayol himself notes, â€Å"There is not one doctrine of administration for industry and another for state enterprises; there is only one doctrine. The general principles and rules that are valuable in industry are equally valuable in the state and vice-versa† (as sited in Breeze, 1995, p.45). Despite the fact that â€Å"Most principles of management textbooks acknowledge Fayol as the father of the first theory of administration† (Carter, 1986, p.454), Fayol’sRead MoreNursing research.5083 Words   |  21 Pageschosen, as it is a comprehensive framework covering most points needed in the critiquing process. This framework can be applied to both qualitative and quantitative research. However the framework will not be used as a definitive checklist. In this assignment the first article that will be discussed is a qualitative piece of research by Simons J., Franck L. Roberson E (2001). Titled : Parent involvement in childrens pain care: views of parents and nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 36(4), 591-599Read MoreSolution Manual, Test Bank and Instructor Manuals34836 Words   |  140 PagesAccessing AUTOCAD Architecture 2012, 1st Edition_William G. Wyatt, Sr (IM) Accounting An Asian Edition, 2nd Edition_Joyce Fung-Goh B.L., Suriya Binte Shukor, Marie Christine Que Cheong, Fadhlina Samsudin, Tan Shu Hong (SM ) Accounting and Auditing Research Tools and Strategies, 6th Edition_Thomas Weirich,Thomas C. Pearson,Alan Reinstein (SM+Cases and solutions) Accounting and Financial Analysis in the Hospitality Industry_Johnathan Hales,Hubert B. Van Hoof (IM+TB) Accounting Business Reporting forRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesFoundations of Organization Structure 479 v vi BRIEF CONTENTS 4 The Organization System 16 Organizational Culture 511 17 Human Resource Policies and Practices 543 18 Organizational Change and Stress Management 577 Appendix A Research in Organizational Behavior Comprehensive Cases Indexes Glindex 637 663 616 623 Contents Preface xxii 1 1 Introduction What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Importance of Interpersonal Skills 4 What Managers Do 5 ManagementRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesunderstanding the diverse nature of organization theory Mapping some aspects of organization theory’s diversity Positivist protagonists: the truth is out there, and we can objectively know it Philosophical disputes around the role of the subjective in science Epistemological and ontolological disputes: how can we ever know the ‘truth’ and is there an ‘out there’? A few words of warning about the term postmodernism Overview of the structure and rationale of the book Chapter summaries Chapter 2: ModernistRead MoreHbr When Your Core Business Is Dying74686 Words   |  299 PagesCover Art: Joshua Gorchov continued on page 8 APRIL 2007 14 Departments 12 COMPANY INDEX 14 FROM THE EDITOR 53 2006 MCKINSEY AWARDS AND 2007 MCKINSEY JUDGES 20 What the Boss Wants from You What should CEOs and their direct reports expect from each other? When Larry Bossidy laid out his views to a group of young executives, they couldn’t take notes fast enough. You don’t have to write down what he said, though, because Larry has done it for you here. And it will be on the examRead MoreOrganisational Behavioure23151 Words   |  93 Pagesareas, researchers have studied mostly moods, and in other areas, mainly emotions. So, when we review the OB topics on emotions and moods, you may see more information on emotions in one area and moods in another. This is simply the state of the research. Also, the terminology can be confusing. For example, the two main mood dimensions are positive affect and negative affect, yet we have defined affect more broadly than mood. So, although the topic can be fairly dense in places, hang in thereRead MoreOcd - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment131367 Words   |  526 Pagessymptoms. Dr. Clark has received a number of research grants to study the cognitive basis of emotional disorders, the most recent being a Canadian federal grant to investigate intentional control of unwanted intrusive thoughts. He is also a founding member of the Obsessive Compulsive Cognitions Working Group, an international research group devoted to the study of the cognitive aspects of OCD, and the past Associate Editor of Cognitive Therapy and Research. vi Preface Preface The cognitive-behavioralRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 PagesLibrary and Information Center Management Recent Titles in Library and Information Science Text Series Library and Information Center Management, Sixth Edition Robert D. Stueart and Barbara B. Moran United States Government Information: Policies and Sources Peter Hernon, Harold C. Relyea, Robert E. Dugan, and Joan F. Cheverie Library Information Systems: From Library Automation to Distributed Information Access Solutions Thomas R. Kochtanek and Joseph R. Matthews The Complete Guide to AcquisitionsRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesManager: Kelly Warsak Senior Operations Supervisor: Arnold Vila Operations Specialist: Ilene Kahn Senior Art Director: Janet Slowik Interior Design: Suzanne Duda and Michael Fruhbeis Permissions Project Manager: Shannon Barbe Manager, Cover Visual Research Permissions: Karen Sanatar Manager Central Design: Jayne Conte Cover Art: Getty Images, Inc. Cover Design: Suzanne Duda Lead Media Project Manager: Denise Vaughn Full-Service Project Management: Sharon Anderson/BookMasters, Inc. Composition: Integra

Perception of Time Free Essays

string(102) " Time Travel shows that space is curved, time is relative, and time travel is theoretically possible\." We often brag about the technological and scientific developments of today’s modern society and how we benefit from these advancements. The barriers that were once created because of the diversity in culture were brought down by the modern trend of globalization. Culture is society’s main foundation that is deeply rooted in our native land. We will write a custom essay sample on Perception of Time or any similar topic only for you Order Now Culture is a broad term encompassing tradition, ways, and means of leaving, traits and values. Every individual belongs to a certain culture to which he has to fit his activity, values, and attributes. Everyone is raised within the confinements of his or her own culture and brought up by beliefs, traditions, values, and traits which conform to the standards set by the culture that has long been intact in our society. The line of conflict between humans with regards to their culture starts when what is culturally acceptable to us may not be acceptable to others. Even science that we used to think is universal and adheres to generally accepted human principles is predominated with the culture of the people from the western hemisphere (Bartholomew 36). Some behaviors that do not comply with the standards of a certain culture are often remarked as an abnormality or deviance. Thus, even though science applies universal scientific principles, it is never neutral in determining what is deviant or abnormal and what is not (Bartholomew 36). It can never really explain why some cultures do certain practices that are not culturally accepted in other countries. We used to separate behaviors and label them as normal, moral and legal. Other traits, practices and rituals that do not fit in what is accepted in our culture are recognized as otherwise. These activities reflect a person’s prevailing norms, values, and beliefs that he adheres to at a particular time and place (Bartholomew 36). The psychological aspect that is responsible for the discrepancies in people’s culture and how it affects our perception is cultural relativism. Cultural relativism is a theory of knowledge that is responsible for the person’s judgment on what is deemed as acceptable. This judgment is anchored to his or her beliefs, values, and attitudes that are shaped by the culture he or she was accustomed to (Bartholomew 37). Hence, the culture of individuals influences their perception on things around them. They view things according to their existing beliefs and values. Time is also perceived differently in many cultures. Individuals see time differently today than the people in the past used to ages ago. Through the invention of time devices, the people of modern times are able to track time by the hour, by the minute, by the second, and even by the millisecond. Thus, the people’s perception of time molds them and their minds. The ancient people were only aware of the fundamental time—the night and day. They used to determine time by making interpretation of the celestial and heavenly bodies. Through the use of these methods, humans also acquired an understanding of the future. They perceived the future in terms of contingencies of cause and effect relationship. People were able to utilize their environment to develop a perception of time. Their ancient clocks and calendars were the daily motion of the sun and moon, as well as the season changes (Falk n. ). In 1895, H. G. Wells’ book, The Time Machine, was made available for the public. Wells’ fiction novel opens to people the possibility of traveling through time. The idea seemed impossible, but well-known Albert Einstein explained that attaining the ability or means to travel to the future or to the past is not improbable (Gott 8). Einstein proposed his theory special relativity in 1905, describing the possibility of time travel base d on the description of how time is measured differently by moving and still observers. It is further strengthened by his mathematics professor Hermann Minowski, looking at time mathematically as the fourth dimension (Gott 8). With all the psychological differences explained by cultural relativism, the different perception of time in each culture and society, and the possibility to travel through time, a clear, if not precise, definition of perception of time can be attained. 2. 0 Sources Edwin A. Abbot in Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions provides an overview of a two-dimensional world and guides his readers through some of the implications of life in two dimensions. Meanwhile, Robert Bartholomew, in his article â€Å"Borderlands: Deviance, Psychiatry and Cultural Relativism,† explores the problem with cultural relativism, basically defined as the principle in which the belief of an individual is analyzed and interpreted in relation to the individual’s own culture. Ray Bradbury in â€Å"A Sound of Thunder† warns us that traveling to the past can be dangerous. Antonio Damasio, in his article â€Å"Remembering When† explains the concept of mind time. Dan Falk’s â€Å"Past, Present, Future PERCEPTIONS OF TIME THROUGH THE AGES† presents differences in perceiving time through different ages. Richard J. Gott, in his book Time Travel in Einstein’s Universe: The Physical Possibilities of Travel Through Time, discusses applications of time machine, wherein time travel is possible and how time travel can be explained in terms of physics and quantum mechanics. Dorinne K. Kondo in her article â€Å"On Being a Conceptual Anomaly† presents her experiences as a Japanese American woman. Robert Levine in A Geography of Time: The Temporal Misadventures of a Social Psychologist analyzes what it means to live beyond time or by time event. Richard E. Nisbett in his book The Geography of Thought: How Asians and Westerners Think Differently†¦ and Why confronts conjectures of well-known philosophers with a different take on human thought influenced by cultural ideologies and principles. The videotaped program Only Human presents few experiments which were created to learn various aspects of human behavior. The book How to Think About Weird Things: Critical Thinking for a New Age by Theodore Schick, Jr. and Lewis Vaughn provides strange assertions and ideas abound in culture to illustrate the rational assessment of any claim. Finally, the videotaped program Time Travel shows that space is curved, time is relative, and time travel is theoretically possible. You read "Perception of Time" in category "Papers" 3. 0 Results People live by the underlying rules and principles in the society where they belong. They adhere to the maxims and dogmas that have long been in existence. They pattern their everyday life according to these unwritten rules that governing the society. To conform to the traditional beliefs and values is to live harmoniously with the other people. People coexist in a society that must adapt and do what is culturally accepted to avoid being ostracized by the general public. . 1 Perception As mentioned earlier, cultural relativism explains the people’s differences in perception. People’s judgment differs from one another because they pattern things according to their cultural preferences. If something fits their criteria as prescribed by their culture, then it is acceptable for th em. Standards set by culture create cultural diversity in the world. According to Richard Nisbett, Westerners and East Asians looked at things differently resulting in dissimilarities in understanding. This is due to the difference in environment, social structures, philosophies, and educational background. In addition, it was discovered that Asian thought is holistic or a functional relationship of parts and the whole. They do not much rely on formal logic or categories. In comparison to the Westerners, people from the west mostly rely on formal logic to understand their behavior. In Dorinne Kondo’s article, â€Å"On Being a Conceptual Anomaly†, she relays her experiences upon conducting a research in Japan. She was raised as an American so she had a difficult time adjusting herself on the ways of living in Japan. This is because the Japanese perceive White people as different and offensive (Kondo 524). During the course of her stay in Japan, she had to learn their traditions, values, and most of all, their practices to be able to cope up with the new environment she was in. There came a point when she saw herself differently, not as the observer on the immersion she was doing but as part of the participants in her research. There is an existing dilemma brought by cultural relativism especially in the field of mental health. Psychiatry is a branch of psychological science that deals with human behavior. Through psychiatry, we are able to find out if we have acquired any psychological disorders. Basis on the diagnoses on such behavioral disorders is human behavior only without in-depth consideration of the underlying social, cultural, and political circumstances that brought up such behavior (Bartholomew 38). Examining closely the behavior of people’s conformity to a group is discovering the power and influence of the majority in a certain society (Only Human n. p) Psychiatry can be considered as the most debatable branch of medicine. There is a necessary clarification on the term mental illness. â€Å"Illness† denotes an impairment or injury on any body’s part. People who were diagnosed with mental illness do not have any injury, but only suffering living difficulties (Bartholomew 38). Based from the ideas discussed by Nisbett and Kondo, an American may experience difficulty adapting to an environment different from his usual environment and therefore may be tagged as mentally ill by the Japanese, or it could be the other way around. This just shows that there is an existing conflict brought about by cultural relativism. Due to the diversity of culture, there is no strong fundamental basis on what is a behavioral disorder. 3. 2 Time In a world where time is considered as a necessity while many of us try to squeeze in the tasks that we have to accomplish with the little time that we have, it is fascinating, and at the same time important, to learn how time was viewed and used through the course of human civilization. Across the centuries, humans have looked and treated time differently the way their ancestors used to perceive time. At present, there is an international standard of telling time and it is universal, for every nation adheres to that standard. Due to the rotation of the earth, people experience differences in time—when it is day in the east, it is nighttime in the west. Humans have developed a biological clock or circadian rhythm based on the daily activities and lifestyle of a person. This clock is located in the hypothalamus of one’s brain. This is responsible for how a person’s body perceives time. For instance, it is nighttime in his or her biological clock if he or she feels tired and sleepy (Damasio 36). When the region of the brain that is highly important for learning and recalling new information is damaged, a major disturbance occurs in a person’s innate ability to place events in a chronological sequence. This is what happens to amnesiacs or people suffering from amnesia. They lose the ability to estimate the passage of time in different scales (Damasio 36). Amnesia is a permanent damage on the brain’s hippocampus, a part of the brain essential to memory, and the temporal lobe, a region of the brain that serves as a two-way communication with the rest of the cerebral cortex. Damage in the hippocampus hinders the creation of new memories. Patients with an impaired hippocampus are known to have anterograde amnesia. They are unable to hold factual memories for longer than one minute. On the other hand, the amnesiacs that are unable to retrieve long-term memories are diagnosed with retrograde amnesia, which is characterized by an impaired in temporal lobe (Damasio 36). Amnesiacs do not have awareness of the correct time, which makes it difficult for them to place events in the right chronological order and store new factual memories. This deficiency greatly affects their way of living and their social interaction. The idea of time travel has not escape the imaginative minds of people. In 1895, H. G. Wells published the book The Time Machine, which opened the idea of time travel to the public. The proposition seemed so impossible but the physicist Einstein attempted to explain the possibility of such phenomenon through physics (Gott 8). In 1905, Einstein developed his theory of special relativity and explained how time is measured differently by still and moving objects. Einstein’s mathematics professor Hermann Minowski expanded his theory and told that time could be treated mathematically as the universe’s fourth dimension (Gott 8). If their proposition is correct, their theory would allow humans to travel back in time or go forth to the future. However, Ray Bradbury stated the dangers of time travel to the past and the possible effects to the present once the course of history is altered. Hence, the events that happened in the past cannot be touched for it will greatly affect the current circumstances. 3. 3 Perception of Time. Time is treated also differently in every culture. The differences in perception of things could be attributed to the cultural relativism aforementioned. Awareness of time is very important to humans. Today, we are paid by the hour and our daily routines are based on time. Our early ancestors utilized everything that can be found in their environment to be able to tell time. They used the daily motions of the moon and sun. Assuming an unconventional movement of the celestial bodies resulted in certain phenomena, they were able to perceive the future through a cause-and-effect relationship (Falk n. p). For example, the Babylonians had their way of foretelling events by means of hepatoscopy, which involves sacrificing a liver. They believed that through this ritual, the gods allow them to foresee the future (Schick and Vaughn 97). Different cultures developed various methods and devices to determine time. For instance, the Romans developed the calendar, which was by Pope Gregory XIII. The perception of time could also be considered necessary in one’s cultural requirements. This is evident in the empires established in Latin America. These empires dictated how to regulate time in order to fix civil, agricultural, and religious dates. On the other hand, Muslims, maintain strict daily routine of timely prayers to keep track of time (Falk n. p). Today, we treat time as inanimate, passing in a constant rate. We are all considered as slaves of time. We can never hasten up or slow down the passage of time. However, this was not the case for the Maya, as time is organic for them. According to the Mayas, time can be stretched, shrunk, or even overpowered by human activity. In fact, many cultures perceived time as organic in nature. In these cultures, time was told through human activities and not through the constraints of a clock or a calendar (Falk n. ). 4. 0 Discussion In light of the findings provided by the sources, the existence of various traditions, beliefs, and values anchored to their culture has created a disparity in people’s perception. People act in accordance to their culture and society where they live. Behavior and action against the prevailing norms will be perceived by other people as a deviatio n or as a mental illness. This disparity in perception of right and wrong could be attributed to cultural relativism, or the difference in cultural beliefs and values. Throughout history, people have developed their perception of time. Our ancestors used conventional tools and devices to be able to tell time. Through the use of astrological components, they were able to acquire an understanding of the future events through cause-and-effect relationship by connecting a certain lunar or solar manifestation that resulted in certain events. Perception of time greatly depends on the brain’s functioning. An impairment of certain regions of the brain responsible for holding and storing memories and sequencing events in a chronological order deeply affects an individual’s perception of time. An example of this brain disorder is amnesia. Amnesiacs have an incorrect perception of time due to their ailment. The idea of time travel that seems unworkable was made theoretically possible by Einstein. In his theory of special relativity, he explained that the treating time as the universe’s fourth dimension can make time travel possible. Still, there are dangers in traveling back to the past because it may alter the course of events and the present situations. There is no universal perception of time. Time is perceived differently in various cultures. Some culture perceive it as inanimate, others treat it as organic that can be controlled by human activity. How to cite Perception of Time, Papers

Aisha best friend of Muhammad the Messenger of God Essay Example For Students

Aisha best friend of Muhammad the Messenger of God Essay Aisha was the youngest daughter of Abu Bekr, himself the chief advisor, the first disciple, and best friend of Muhammad the Messenger of God. It was customary in those days, and still is today in Arabia, for a man of property and substance to have many wives. In offering his daughter to Muhammad, Abu Bekr was trying to solidify his ties with that great man, hoping an issue would spring forth to carry on the name of both Muhammad and Aisha. The Qoran allows a man to have up to four wives. Exceptions are made for exceptional men. All told, Muhammad had more than a dozen wives of different ages and of every type. One wife, for example, Miriyam, was given to the Prophet by a prince of Egypt. She bore him a son whom they named Abrahim, but he died as an infant. In fact all of the sons sired by Muhammad died in their youth. He was rich with daughters. And wives. Aisha was his youngest wife, a mere prepubescent child, not yet a teenager, and his favorite. The time is the early 600s AD The former caravan merchant his enemies liked to deride him as the camel driver had founded a new religion called Islam. In Arabic, Islam means submission. Submission to Allah. Muhammad destroyed the pagan gods of the Bedouins, and taught his countrymen to worship one God. In Arabic, Allah means the God. Muhammad single-handedly raised the Arabs to the religious level of the Jews and Christians, who similarly worshipped one God. After his death, Islam spread far and wide and was in its time the preserver of the highest culture, arts, and sciences in the civilized world. Are we not right in assuming that the God who spoke to Muhammad was the same as our God? Surely so. Muhammad was an imposing man. He was a mystic who went into trances, as did all the prophets in the Bible. When he came out of those trances, he would utter the most beautiful poetry anyone in Arabia had ever heard. The poetry, which is recorded in the Moslem Holy Book, The Qoran, was all the more astounding in that Muhammad was not a literary man. He was the unlettered prophet, and some say that he neither knew how to read nor write. While this is doubtful, it is certain that he did not know how to write poetry. He was not a Reciter, as they called poets in Arabia who made a living reciting their poems in the houses of noblemen, much as Homer did among the ancient Greeks. Muhammad must have been touched by divine inspiration to produce the exquisite phrases of The Qoran. He also was an active man skilled in leadership, business, politics, and even warfare. It is not difficult to see why men gave up their lives for him. He was charismatic in appearance as well. This is how he is described by one of his biographers: Slightly above middle size, his figure, though spare, was handsome and commanding; the chest broad and open; the bones and framework large, and the joints well-knit together. His neck was broad and finely molded. His head, unusually large, gave space for a broad and noble brow. The hair, thick, jet black and slightly curling, fell down over his ears. The eyebrows were arched and joined. His countenance was thin but ruddy. His large eyes, intensely black and piercing, received additional luster from long, dark eyelashes. The nose was high and slightly aquiline, but fine, and at the end attenuated. The teeth were set apart. A long, black, thick beard, reaching to the breast, added manliness and presence. His expression was pensive and contemplative. His faced beamed with intelligence. Although his recitations were recorded by his secretaries in The Qoran, most of the personal details of his life were recorded by his friends in their reminiscences and journals. We owe to Aisha some of the most crucial details of how the Messenger of God lived and prayed. It was she who told us about the first vision that came to Muhammad during his customary retreat of fasting and contemplation in a cave in the hills. There appeared unto him the vision of the Archangel Gabriel who ordered Muhammad to recite. Muhammad was most frightened. What shall I recite? he asked. I dont know how to recite. I am not a man of letters. The archangel Gabriel was unmoved. Recite, he commanded. A shaken Muhammad went home, disbelieving in what he had heard. It could have been a dream, thats all. But his first wife, Khadija, encouraged him to believe in his visions. Thereafter, Muhammad was called the Messenger of God, or the Prophet, or the Apostle. This encounter with the archangel was memorialized in the Qoran in the following passage: In the Name of God, the Merciful, the Compassionate Recite: In the name of thy Lord who created created Man of a blood-clot. Recite: And thy Lord is the Most Generous, who taught by the Pen, aught Man that he knew not. Khadija, who was older than Muhammad and very rich, later died and left Muhammad all her wealth. No other woman ever competed for Muhammads devotion as she did. But she died before him, and a man must have sons as heirs. And so Muhammad later married many others. The account of this first vision comes to us not from Khadija, then, but by Aish a, who wrote: Solitude became dear to him and he would go to a cave on Mount Hira to engage in meditation there for a number of nights before returning to his family. Then he would go home for a short time to procure for another stay. Investment in Russia EssayIn some backward areas of the world, in rural Pakistan for example, if a married woman is seen so much as conversing with another man not her husband, the womans father or her brother or her husband have the right to slay both of them. It has happened, and the murderers are not punished but set free. It came to pass that Aisha was on a caravan. During the journey home, she slept late and did not notice that the caravan had decamped without her. She waited at the oasis for help to arrive, which was sure to come after the people in the caravan discovered her absence. While she was thus waiting, a young man appeared and offered to wait with her so as to give her his protection. When the search party from the caravan arrived, they found the two together talking. Aisha was taken to her camel and the young man was driven off and told to hide for his life. Rumors about the incident began to circulate as soon as the caravan reached Medina. People called for a disposition of the matter by Muhammad, upholder of the Faith. While there were no witnesses to the affair, and none could say, what actually happened save Aisha herself, the moral code demanded that a ruling be forthcoming and a punishment. Muhammads other wives cackled at the rumors. They all resented Aishas popularity with the Prophet and were jealous of her influence over him. Even one so august as the Messenger of God had to go through the formal adjudication of this case. In hindsight, it is clear that he was not about to cast off Aisha, proving once again that he was a man of unusual understanding and prescience. Before her father and mother, Muhammad called upon Aisha to confess herself if she had done wrong, for God accepted the repentance of sinners. In a flood of tears, the young girl insisted she had nothing to confess. Suddenly, Muhammad rolled his eyes and wobbled of foot. These were the unmistakable signs, as they had come to be recognized, that the Prophet was about to have a revelation from God. The roomful of people made way. Muhammad lay down and was covered with a cloak. A leather cushion was placed under his head. During the trance it is not recorded how long it was, but it must have been appropriately long, long enough to receive a message from God Muhammad sweat profusely. At last, he woke up from the trance and made the announcement which was to seal Aishas fate. Aisha herself wrote his words. Muhammad mopped the sweat running down his face and said, Good news, Aisha! God has sent down word that you are innocent. He then gave orders for the three men, who were chiefly responsible for circulating the scandal, each to be flogged with eighty lashes, one of them being the Apostles chief poet, Hassan ibn Thabit. Muhammad died of pneumonia in Mecca, where he had moved from Medina and reclaimed the city which held the House of God, holder of the Kaaba stone. This is where Moslems of all nations are enjoined to go at least once in their lives in pilgrimage to fast and perambulate the rude enclosure that houses the Kaaba stone an ancient iron meteorite which fell to earth near a well in Mecca. On his death bed, Muhammad was attended at his side by Aisha alone. She was the only one in his presence when he died. She had bore him no sons. The holy see of Islam fell into the hands of others, one of them being Muhammads son-in-law Ali, husband of Fatima, Muhammads daughter from his very first marriage. It bedevils me to no end when I consider that Muhammad left no male heirs, though he certainly had more opportunities to do so than anyone in history save perhaps the Sultans of Turkey. What ever could have possessed Allah to deny his Messenger a male heir? It would have been a small favor for God to accomplish. Whenever I try to get inside Gods mind, of course, I founder in my own paltry ignorance. As the Qoran says, and here God speaks in the first person: In the Name of God, the Merciful, the Compassionate By the night enshrouding and the day in splendor and That which created the male and the female, urely your striving is to diverse ends. As for him who gives and is god fearing and confirms the reward most fair, We shall surely ease him to the Easing. But as for him who is a miser, and self-sufficient, and cries lies to the reward most fair, We shall surely ease him to the Hardship: his wealth shall not avail him when he perishes. Surely upon Us rests the guidance, and to Us bel ong the Last and the First. So I say I am a Mussulman in spirit. My attitude is one of submission, not to any man but to Allah. I submit to the power of a Higher Being, though his ways I understand not. I am reminded to rejoice even in suffering. I submit to His will and accept the things that life throws before me, good and bad alike. This is the essential message of all religions. We see it in the life of Moses, when God forbids him from crossing the River Jordan, thereby to enter the Land of Milk and Honey. We see it in the life of Jesus, who dies on the cross thinking that his Father has forsaken him. We see it in Muhammad in his lack of a son who outlives his father. We see it in small ways in our own lives. Should we not then take solace from the story of Aisha? Should we not imitate God and laugh?

Theoretical Models free essay sample

Running head: Theoretical Models Theoretical Models Jennifer Finehirsh Grand Canyon University RDG 525 July 6, 2010 Abstract The following paper will address four different instructional approaches, as well as the theories, which influenced each of them. It will them have a rational for way these four where chosen and how they affect the school setting. Theoretical Models There are many ways to teach new concepts to students. The four ways that you will read about today is the direct instruction model, cooperative learning, thematic teaching, and finally differentiated instruction. The first model that we will look at is the direct instruction model. This model may be used in many different subjects and areas. According to one of the articles, direct instruction is an explicit, scientifically based model of effective instruction, which was developed in the 1960’s by a man named Siegfried Engelmann (Adams Engelmann, 1996). The idea behind direct instruction is to get more accomplished in less time. We will write a custom essay sample on Theoretical Models or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The one way that this can be down is by controlling the environment and how the material is taught. It is believed that within this model it is the teachers’ fault if the students did not learn, not the student’s fault for not learning what was taught. The model starts by teaching with the big idea in mind. Then the teacher needs to make sure that he or she is communicating clearly. The teachers are also to follow a clear format that is easy to be taught. They are to do this while making sure that the skills are taught in a particular sequence and assessing the students all the time, so that they know when to adjust their teaching skills. This approach may work for a majority of student, but might do better with some of the cooperative learning incorporated into this model as well. With that being said, the second model that is of interest is the cooperative learning model. There are a dozen or more researchers that have developed cooperative training models, but the two people that we will look at today have had a lot to do with the cooperative learning model which many teachers use within their classrooms are Dr. Spencer Kagan and Miguel Kagan. Starting back in 1982 Dr. Kagan began his company Kagan Publishing, which allowed him to help produce many different items for teachers to use within the classroom. The publishing books allowed teachers to introduce cooperative learning using the multiple intelligences (Kagan, 2002). According to an article Dr. Kagan says,† The Kagan structures have a profound impact on what is learned because their positive educational outcomes are a function of changing not what we teach but how we teach† (Kagan, 2002). We can see cooperative learning as being a successful teaching strategy being used to assist small groups of students, which are at different developmental levels of ability, to help improve their understanding of new subjects. With that being said, within each team the member each have a job to do. If followed correctly it will result in team members helping each other learn and they will in turn all be learning in a positive way. The students will work together as a team to complete the task until all of the successful understand and complete it (Daniel, P. 004). The best part about this approach is that each and every child has a job to do with the help of their group and these skills that they are learning in cooperative learning will also help them with essential life skills, as well as how to work collaboratively. The third approach we will look at is thematic teaching. Thematic teaching is where a teacher plans so that the students can use what they have been learning in say R eading in all other areas of learning also. The concepts are not taught in isolation, instead they are taught within each area of the day. According to one of the articles was read, thematic instruction has been proven to assist in higher learning gains within the classroom (Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory, 2005). The goal that the teacher needs to remember is that when picking a theme it needs to be one that the students will find interesting, as well as age appropriate for their learning styles. When starting out the new theme it should be addressed so that it may cover many areas of knowledge and this will in turn keep the students wondering and asking questions. With students asking questions, that means that they are engaged and when they are engaged students will be learning more. One of the statements that were found said, â€Å"Students learn through different modes, styles and multiple intelligences. Teachers should access and integrate these modes for increasing opportunities for students to access and retain new knowledge† (Gardner, 1993). This approach once again I found works great. I have used this approach within my classroom in the past, but like I said before I used it along with cooperative learning as well. The last and final teaching approach we will look at is differentiated instruction. This is huge were I live. Differentiated instruction is done so that all children may learn at their level. Not every student learns the same or as quick as others, so this approach is to help address that problem within the classroom. With differentiated instruction the teacher is providing the students with a different avenue in so that all students can learn effectively, no matter what difference they have within their abilities. Lev Vygotsky proved that all learners learn differently according to their readiness and that the readiness for each individual should match that of the learner (Allan Tomlinson, 2000). That means that it each student should be able to show that they have learned something in a variety of ways. Not every student will be able to show their understanding on something through a pencil and paper test, as well as they might be able to show it through a play or reenactment. Vygotsky believed that every child is different and that is why teachers need to teach in a variety of ways. With each teaching model you will come across some pros and cons. The problem is deciding which model to use that will work best with your individual classroom. It might even change year by year, since the students that you will be teaching are changing and evolving. Above I have given many different reasons on why the approaches work. However, the one that I have used the most and find to work the best with all of my classes this far is differentiated instruction. Yes it seems to take longer to plan, but my students have always made tremendous improvements. As well as differentiated instruction I have enjoyed using the cooperative learning as well within my classroom. This allows each of my students to, not only be available to learn in a manner that is best suited for them; but they are also learning some new information from their peers. In all actuality all four approaches seem to work, but like I said it depends on the teacher and the students for which one works best or maybe use all of them. The school district and then the school principal is actually the one who says which theoretical model to use. So that means that when apply for a position it is important that you have the same beliefs as the school does, because if not it might not be a good fit for you. I leave you with this. Does one method really work better then any other? References Adams, G. L. , Engelmann, S. (1996). Research on Direct Instruction: 25 years beyond DISTAR. Seattle, WA: Educational Achievement Systems. Allan, S. D. Tomlinson, C. A. 2000). Leadership for differentiating schools and classrooms. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Daniels, P. (2004). An Overview of Gardners multiple Intelligences, Kagans structures and Tomlinsons differentiated instruction and their correlation to Nunleys layered curriculum. Gilbert, Arizona. http://help4teachers. com/PatPaper. htm Innovative Teaching Concepts (2002). What are thematic teaching and curriculum? Retrieved J uly 6, 2010. From http://www. todaysteacher. com/ThematicTeaching. tm Kagan, S. (2002). Kagan structures: research and rationale in a nutshell, Kagan Online Magazine-Spencers Thinkpad. www. kaganonline. com/Articles/Freearticles/ResearchInNutshell. html Kagan, S. (2004). Cooperative Learning. San Clemente, CA: Kagan Publishing. http://edtech. kennesaw. edu/intech/cooperativelearning. htm Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory (2005). Focus on effectiveness-research-based stratiegies. Portland, Oregon. Retrieved July 6, 2010 from http://www. netc. org/focus/strategies/them. php

Bluebook Citation Essay Sample - Writing Tips

Bluebook Citation Essay Sample - Writing TipsA Bluebook citation essay sample will help you with the development of your own text. It will also provide you with a link to obtain other Bluebook writing samples for you to use.The internet is a great source for finding writing samples for any subject, including statistics. There are several websites that have been created by various universities and institutions. There are also many writers who have created their own websites for their writing. All you need to do is to type in the desired topic of your text.A good website will provide you with hundreds of writing samples which you can select from. They have thousands of writing samples and you just need to take a look at the best selection. But before you start searching through the websites for writing samples, make sure that the information you find on the websites is authentic.You should have very little problem if you find the information on the website is not authentic. However, if you find the information on the website is authentic, then you may get more problem with the information you find on the website.The best websites which offer Bluebook writing samples will offer you a link which is very easy to follow. The link is in the format 'Cite as a resource for your data'. If you find that the link is very difficult to follow, then it is probably because the website is fake.Another important point to remember is that the information you get on the website should be accurate information. If the information given on the website is inaccurate, you may lose the benefit of using the information on the website. In order to avoid this, you should always check the website by yourself and verify the information that is given on the website.A Bluebook citation essay sample will help you with the development of your own text. It will also provide you with a link to obtain other Bluebook writing samples for you to use.

Reflection Week free essay sample

Apply ratio, vertical, and horizontal analyses to financial statements Ratio analyses are used by companies to gather information in a company’s financial statement. Ratios and numbers from a company’s current year are compared to previous years and sometimes even the economy to judge the company’s performance. There are several ratios such as profitability ratios, liquidity ratios, activity ratios, leverage ratios and market ratios that can be used to calculate financial information. In vertical analyses, each entry of the assets, liabilities and equities in a balance sheet is represented as a proportion of the total account of the financial statement. In horizontal analysis a company’s ratios are compared in the financial statements over a period of time. Horizontal analysis can be used from revenues to earnings per share. Prepare a statement of cash flows using both direct and indirect methods. When preparing a statement of cash flows, there are two different methods that can be used; there is the direct method, and there is also the indirect method. We will write a custom essay sample on Reflection Week or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The direct method shows operating cash receipts and payments, making it more consistent with the objective of a statement of cash flow, while the indirect method adjusts net income for items that do not affect cash. The FASB allows both methods to be used because in the end the results of the total amount for net cash provided by operating activities arrive in the same way. Companies use numerous adjustments when preparing such statements so following a proper guide such as the direct method or indirect method will help to ensure that everything is properly in order the way it should be. Prepare journal entries associated with the issuance of preferred and common stocks and the declaration and payment of dividends The issuance of common stock affects only paid-in-capital accounts. Always record common stock at its par or stated value. Debit Cash and credit Common Stock. Preferred stock has preference over common stock. However, preferred stockholders do not have voting rights. The entry is debit to Cash and credit to Preferred Stock. For a corporation to issue cash dividends there must be: retained earnings, adequate cash, and a declaration of dividends. A company does not pay dividends unless its board of directors decides to do so, then it is deemed declared. When it is declared then it becomes a liability. Three important dates are observed with dividends: declaration date, record date, and the payment date. Declaration commits a corporation to legal obligations.

Origins of the Jammu and Kashmir Conflict

Origins of the Jammu and Kashmir Conflict When India and Pakistan became separate and independent nations in August of 1947, theoretically they were divided along sectarian lines. In the Partition of India, Hindus were supposed to live in India, while Muslims lived in Pakistan. However, the horrific ethnic cleansing that followed proved that it was impossible to simply draw a line on the map between followers of the two faiths - they had been living in mixed communities for centuries. One region, where the northern tip of India adjoins Pakistan (and China), chose to opt out of both new nations. This was Jammu and Kashmir. As the British Raj in India ended, Maharaja Hari Singh of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir refused to join his kingdom to either India or Pakistan. The maharaja himself was Hindu, as were 20% of his subjects, but the overwhelming majority of Kashmiris were Muslim (77%). There were also small minorities of Sikhs and Tibetan Buddhists. Hari Singh declared Jammu and Kashmirs independence as a separate nation in 1947, but Pakistan immediately launched a guerrilla war to free the majority-Muslim region from Hindu rule. The maharaja then appealed to India for aid, signing an agreement to accede to India in October of 1947, and Indian troops cleared the Pakistani guerrillas from much of the area. The newly-formed United Nations intervened in the conflict in 1948, organizing a cease-fire and calling for a referendum of Kashmirs people in order to determine whether the majority wished to join with Pakistan or India. However, that vote has never been taken. Since 1948, Pakistan and India have fought two additional wars over Jammu and Kashmir, in 1965 and in 1999. The region remains divided and claimed by both nations; Pakistan controls the northern and western one-third of the territory, while India has control of the southern area. China and India both also claim a Tibetan enclave in the east of Jammu and Kashmir called Aksai Chin; they fought a war in 1962 over the area, but have since signed agreements to enforce the current Line of Actual Control. Maharaja Hari Singh remained head of state in Jammu and Kashmir until 1952; his son later became the governor of the (Indian-administered) state. The Indian-controlled Kashmir Valleys 4 million people are 95% Muslim and only 4% Hindu, while Jammu is 30% Muslim and 66% Hindu. Pakistani-controlled territory is almost 100% Muslim; however, Pakistans claims include all of the region including Aksia Chin. The future of this long-disputed region is unclear. Since India, Pakistan, and China all possess nuclear weapons, any hot war over Jammu and Kashmir could have devastating results.

Significance of Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Significance of Leadership - Essay Example I was tapped to lead a six-person team plagued by complaints such as â€Å"I feel stifled by the bureaucracy,† â€Å"I am bored by the repetitive routines,† and â€Å"My boss has no sense of business.† Before taking on the responsibility, my mentor asked whether I had seriously considered what it meant to lead this infamous team. In my response, I quoted my former coach: â€Å"There’s no bad boy, only a bad coach.† I did not criticize the so-called bad boys, many previous leaders had done the same mistake and I certainly did not want to follow in their footsteps. Another positive thing which I did was that I listened to them patiently and gave them a good chance to express themselves, all these above things worked in my favor and I ended up winning their hearts. I defined my role as the team’s backup. I wouldn’t lead; I planned to support. I shared my vision of turning the team members into real leaders who not only developed ideas but also put them into action and delivered results. I invented the â€Å"changing seats† game, in which team members alternated sitting in my chair every Monday morning, initiating an activity for the whole team to execute that week. Later, I proposed setting up a Your-Voice forum, in which the team would exchange ideas about the latest international practices in trade finance as well as necessary reformations in workflow and business process. Motivated by the team’s enthusiasm, I convinced the executives to provide a small budget to support our lecture series involving professionals in insurance, shipping, and foreign exchange management policy. The lecture series was open to the entire organization, which helped rebuild the team’s image into a positive one. Gradually, I guided my bad boys to turn their innovative ideas into case studies and papers for top management’s reference.

American history from 1945 to present Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American history from 1945 to present - Essay Example tion.† This statement tells us that every action taken for a larger freedom and a more equal and spacious society is one more step toward the realization of what Herbert Croly once called ‘the promise of American life’† [Kennedy]. Throughout three eras, from 1945 to present, the progress of the Cold War, the Vietnam war, and the Civil Rights movement are showing that America is making progress toward realizing â€Å"the promise of American life†, by showing the lack of freedoms of conscience and equality in the early years, and by taking action for a larger freedom and a more equal society. In the era from 1945 to 1965, America certainly made a few mistakes and moved far away from â€Å"the promise of American life†. After World War II, the world formed two super powers, one was the United States, and the other the Soviet Union. The two started a 45 year long cold war due to their different historical experiences and different ideologies [Morris, 10]. America was once again trapped in a shadow of war soon after the World War II because of the looming Cold War between the and the Soviet Union. â€Å"The cold war had widened and intensified†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Americans were again at war in the Far East and were forced o live with the threat of nuclear annihilation† [Oakes, 808]. War is the one thing we want to avoid no matter if it is a cold war or a real war. History has taught us that war will only destroy a nation’s economy, and the people who suffer from it are the civilians of the countries that are involved in the war itself. This is represented not only in the Cold War, However, as the United States managed to start another war with Vietnam in 1950’s, lasting all the way through to 1975. Aside from the wars, African Americans had little to no rights during this time period, which goes against the statement of â€Å"the promise of American life†. By the end of World War II, â€Å"The transformation of the southern economy was undermining the system that segregated

The Roots Of Cybernetic Theory Philosophy Essay

The Roots Of Cybernetic Theory Philosophy Essay Cybernetics is the interdisciplinary study of the structure of regulatory systems. Cybernetics is closely related to control theory and systems theory. Both in its origins and in its evolution in the second-half of the 20th century, cybernetics is equally applicable to physical and social (that is, language-based) systems. Artificial Intelligence and cybernetics: Arent they the same thing? Or, isnt one about computers and the other about robots? The answer to these questions is emphatically, No. Researchers in Artificial Intelligence (AI) use computer technology to build intelligent machines; they consider implementation (that is, working examples) as the most important result. Practitioners of cybernetics use models of organizations, feedback, goals, and conversation to understand the capacity and limits of any system (technological, biological, or social); they consider powerful descriptions as the most important result. The field of AI first flourished in the 1960s as the concept of universal computation [Minsky 1967], the cultural view of the brain as a computer, and the availability of digital computing machines came together to paint a future where computers were at least as smart as humans. The field of cybernetics came into being in the late 1940s when concepts of information, feedback, and regulation [Wiener 1948] were generalized from specific applications in engineering to systems in general, including systems of living organisms, abstract intelligent processes, and language. History The roots of cybernetic theory Ã…Å ¾tefan Odobleja (1902-1978) was a Romanian scientist, one of the precursors of cybernetics. His major work, Psychologie consonantiste, first published in 1938 and 1939, in Paris, had established many of the major themes of cybernetics regarding cybernetics and systems thinking ten years before the work of Norbert Wiener was published in 1948. The word cybernetics was first used in the context of the study of self-governance by Plato in The Laws to signify the governance of people. The word cybernà ©tique was also used in 1834 by the physicist Andrà ©-Marie Ampà ¨re (1775-1836) to denote the sciences of government in his classification system of human knowledge. The first artificial automatic regulatory system, a water clock, was invented by the mechanician Ktesibios. In his water clocks, water flowed from a source such as a holding tank into a reservoir, then from the reservoir to the mechanisms of the clock. Ktesibioss device used a cone-shaped float to monitor the level of the water in its reservoir and adjust the rate of flow of the water accordingly to maintain a constant level of water in the reservoir, so that it neither overflowed nor was allowed to run dry. This was the first artificial truly automatic self-regulatory device that required no outside intervention between the feedback and the controls of the mechanism. Although they did not refer to this concept by the name of Cybernetics (they considered it a field of engineering), Ktesibios and others such as Heron and Su Song are considered to be some of the first to study cybernetic principles. Origins of cybernetics The term itself began its rise to popularity in 1947 when Norbert Wiener used it to name a discipline apart from, but touching upon, such established disciplines as electrical engineering, mathematics, biology, neurophysiology, anthropology, and psychology. Wiener, Arturo Rosenblueth, and Julian Bigelow needed a name for their new discipline, and they adapted a Greek word meaning the art of steering to evoke the rich interaction of goals, predictions, actions, feedback, and response in systems of all kinds (the term governor derives from the same root) [Wiener 1948]. Early applications in the control of physical systems (aiming artillery, designing electrical circuits, and maneuvering simple robots) clarified the fundamental roles of these concepts in engineering; but the relevance to social systems and the softer sciences was also clear from the start. Many researchers from the 1940s through 1960 worked solidly within the tradition of cybernetics without necessarily using the term, some likely (R. Buckminster Fuller) but many less obviously (Gregory Bateson, Margaret Mead). Origins of AI in cybernetics Ironically but logically, AI and cybernetics have each gone in and out of fashion and influence in the search for machine intelligence. Cybernetics started in advance of AI, but AI dominated between 1960 and 1985, when repeated failures to achieve its claim of building intelligent machines finally caught up with it. These difficulties in AI led to renewed search for solutions that mirror prior approaches of cybernetics. Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts were the first to propose a synthesis of neurophysiology and logic that tied the capabilities of brains to the limits of Turing computability [McCulloch Pitts 1965]. The euphoria that followed spawned the field of AI [Lettvin 1989] along with early work on computation in neural nets, or, as then called, perceptrons. However the fashion of symbolic computing rose to squelch perceptron research in the 1960s, followed by its resurgence in the late 1980s. However this is not to say that current fashion in neural nets is a return to where cybernetics has been. Much of the modern work in neural nets rests in the philosophical tradition of AI and not that of cybernetics. Philosophy of cybernetics AI is predicated on the presumption that knowledge is a commodity that can be stored inside of a machine, and that the application of such stored knowledge to the real world constitutes intelligence [Minsky 1968]. Only within such a realist view of the world can, for example, semantic networks and rule-based expert systems appear to be a route to intelligent machines. Cybernetics in contrast has evolved from a constructivist view of the world [von Glasersfeld 1987] where objectivity derives from shared agreement about meaning, and where information (or intelligence for that matter) is an attribute of an interaction rather than a commodity stored in a computer [Winograd Flores 1986]. These differences are not merely semantic in character, but rather determine fundamentally the source and direction of research performed from a cybernetic, versus an AI, stance. Underlying philosophical differences between AI and cybernetics are displayed by showing how they each construe the terms in the central column. For example, the concept of representation is understood quite differently in the two fields. Relations on the left are causal arrows and reflect the reductionist reasoning inherent in AIs realist perspective that via our nervous systems we discover the-world-as-it-is. Relations on the right are non-hierarchical and circular to reflect a constructivist perspective, where the world is invented (in contrast to being discovered) by an intelligence acting in a social tradition and creating shared meaning via hermeneutic (circular, self-defining) processes. The implications of these differences are very great and touch on recent efforts to reproduce the brain [Hawkins 2004, IBM/EPFL 2004] which maintain roots in the paradigm of brain as computer. These approaches hold the same limitations of digital symbolic computing and are neither likely to ex plain, nor to reproduce, the functioning of the nervous system. DIFFERENT TYPES AND RESEARCH Cybernetics is an earlier but still-used generic term for many types of subject matter. These subjects also extend into many others areas of science, but are united in their study of control of systems. Consolidated Cybernetics Consolidated Cybernetics is a leading Software house based at Coimbatore, premier industrial city and an emerging Information Technology hub, in Tamil Nadu, Southern India, was established in 1993. Promoted and managed by IT Professionals, the company is spearheaded by a technocrat of distinguished experience. The company has multi location operations at Coimbatore, Chennai. The company, which started its operations in education and training, over the years grew into software development. Cybernetics partnered with world leaders Digital Equipment Corpn, Oracle Corpn and PSG College of Technology for education. Pure cybernetics Pure cybernetics studies systems of control as a concept, attempting to discover the basic principles underlying such things as ASIMO uses sensors and intelligent algorithms to avoid obstacles and navigate stairs. Artificial intelligence Robotics Computer Vision Control systems Emergence Learning organization New Cybernetics Second-order cybernetics Interactions of Actors Theory Conversation Theory Basic concepts of cybernetics Feedback and circular causality Feedback is a process whereby some proportion of the output signal of a system is passed (fed back) to the input. So, the system itself contains a loop. Feedback mechanisms fundamentally influence the dynamic behavior of a system. Roughly speaking negative feedback reduces the deviation or error from a goal state, therefore has stabilizing effects. Positive feedback which increases the deviation from an initial state, has destabilizing effects. Natural, technological and social systems are full of feedback mechanisms. The general principles of feedback control were understood by engineers, and autonomous control systems were used to replace human operators. This replacement can be done only up to a point, and consequently one is brought directly to face the question of the role of the human observer in technological systems. The mechanization of the mind Cybernetic considerations of mind was related to the assumptions that Thinking is a form of computation. The computation involved is not the mental operation of a human being who manipulates symbols in applying rules, such as those of addition or multiplication; instead it is what a particular class of machines do machines technically referred to as automata. By virtue of this, thinking can be modeled within the domain of the mechanical. Physical laws can explain why and how nature in certain of its manifestations, not restricted exclusively to the human world appears to us to contain meaning, finality, directionality, and intentionality. Application Cybernetics   Engineering cybernetics(or Technical cybernetics) deals with the question of control engineering of mechatronic systems. It is used to control or regulate such a system; more often the term control theory encompasses this field and is used instead. Medical cybernetics investigates networks in human biology, medical decision making and the information processing structures in the living organism. Biological Cybernetics investigates communication and control processes in living organisms and ecosystems. Biorobotics is a term that loosely covers the fields of cybernetics, bionics and even genetic engineering as a collective study. Future Aspects Cybernetics: The Center of Sciences Future Cybernetics is not the same as robotics, and it has nothing to do with freezing dead people. It is as different from artificial intelligence as philosophy is from mud-pies. And, in the opinion of the speaker, it subsumes the hard sciences, the soft sciences, and the humanities as well. Emerging from control theory and the feeling that trans-disciplinary enquiry was critical, the field of cybernetics surged in the 1940s. By 1960 it had become a political no-no, coincidentally the same period that it exploded into new domains. Today the word has returned to common use, but its meaning and importance are not understood. Cybernetics directly influences revolutionary work in fields such as biology, cognitive science, family therapy, machine intelligence, and management. But what is it? Primarily an epistemological stance, cybernetics is informally characterized by the speaker as the science of describing; that is, a formal approach to the purpose and nature of this universal human activity. As such, it requires an examination of the subjectivity inherent in all description. Insofar as it exposes science as a consensual process (rather than a research for truth), it shows how science does not require a real world to do its work. Insofar as its primary observable is an interaction in which the observer inextricably participates, it is suitable for application to all human activities. In building his argument for the importance of cybernetics in the future of science, the speaker will give an overview of the philosophy and implications of the field. Examples will be given from his work in software development and management consulting, as well as from other important applications. He will draw implications for an ethics of scientific enquiry, the responsibility of the individual, and the signs of change in the world order. Referrence www.wikipedia.com www.scribd.com www.sciencedaily.com Books; Ashby, W. Ross, Design for a Brain. London: Chapman and Hall, 1960. Hawkins, Jeff and Blakeslee, Sandra, On Intelligence. Times Books, 2004. IBM/Ecole Polytechnique Fà ©dà ©rale de Lausanne (EPFL), http://bluebrainproject.epfl.ch/, 2004