A Cyber Security Incident Response Team - 1448 Words

Handling IT Security Breaches One of the biggest challenges that businesses face today is planning and preparing for security breaches, especially how to react and respond to cyber security incidents and security breaches. Security-related threats have become quite a nuisance and are more diverse than ever before. The security-related threats have become more disruptive to business processes and more damaging to company’s reputation. With preventative activities encompassing the results of risk assessments, penetration tests, and an effective vulnerability management programs can lessen the effects and decrease the impact of incidents. There is no way to completely prevent all incidents from happening within the company’s networks during†¦show more content†¦Identify, contain, and eradicate cyber threats to the bank and its infrastructure, and restore resources in the event of a cyber-incident. Minimize the disruption to both internal and external customers. Provide the necessary input and support to the appropriate infrastructure unit to recover any computer systems impacted during a cyber-incident. Collect data and evidence for potential prosecution. This document will outline the basic CSIRT approach in four phases that will provide preparation, detection and analysis, containment, eradication and recovery, post-incident activity and lessons learned. CSIRT Mission The primary mission of the bank’s CSIRT is to effectively remove threats from bank’s computing environment, while minimizing damage and restoring daily operations as quickly as possible. Additional objectives of the CSIRT are to: Respond to all cyber security incidents or suspected incidents using an organized, formal investigative process. Quickly determine if an intrusion or security incident actually occurred. Assess the impact and scope of a security incident. Contain, eradicate, and remediate the incident. Minimize the disruption to business and network operations for both internal and external customers. Collect and document all evidence related to an incident. Select and engage additional support as necessary. Incident Playbooks With every security incident being different from one another it is impossible to foresee

Essay on Comparison Between Frederick Douglass and...

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass AND the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Comparison Essay By: Evan Weinstock Period 7 3/11/13 During the period around The Civil War the country was in a major change and the issue slavery was at the forefront. Racial tensions were very high as most Northerners wanted the slaves to be free and all slaves wanted their freedom. During this time period of pre, during and post-Civil War many books and narratives of people’s lives and experiences where written and stories were past from generation to generation. During the Post-Civil War time both the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass and the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn were written and published and both would become classics. In both†¦show more content†¦In Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Fredrick is treated terribly by all of his masters and no one cares about him or any of the other slaves. The southerners act like they are disposable and that they can just go buy another one. All of his owners treat him like trash and beat him until he stand up to one and fights him af ter that he is left alone. Everyone in Frederick Douglass is a mean person who doesn’t care about anyone but themselves and how much money they can make. The biggest difference in both books is that the way you see the pain and struggles of the people in the story is through a fictional character in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass. In The Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass you hear about the horror of the South and slavery through the life story of Frederick, you learn about true events that actually happened and how bad the situation in the United States was around the Civil War Era. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn you hear about what happens through the made up stories of Mark Twain. Even though some of the stories in his book have some truth from his life experiences, he made all of them up and in the book there is truth about the time period from the way that people treated blacks andShow MoreRelatedCo mpare and Contrast the Representation of the Figure of the Slave, and of the Theme of Freedom, in Douglass’s â€Å"Narrative† and Twain’s â€Å"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn†.1445 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Narrative† and Twain’s â€Å"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn†. The two novels that I am studying are â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† by Mark Twain, and â€Å"The Narrative of Frederick Douglass – Written by Himself†. Both these texts give us an insight into the life of slavery and the societal beliefs of the South in America in the nineteenth century. The theme of freedom and the figure of the slave are two common aspects of the book that I shall be looking at. Frederick Douglass’ text gives us a first personRead MoreA Comparison Piece of Mark Twains the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and Frederick Douglasss Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave834 Words   |  4 PagesMark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and Frederick Douglasss Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave can be said to be comparison pieces. Despite that Huck Finn is a fictional character and Douglass was a physical being, certain characteristics and developmental processes are very sim ilar. Firstly, in the initial stages of their lives, both Huck and Douglass faced repression, though in different forms. While Huck is a character whose spirit longs to fly freely

Free Sites for Question-and-Answer Homework Help Online

Research Report On Science Fair Louis Carter - 806 Words

Research Report For Science Fair Louis Carter Introduction Picture this, a child is at the store and sees a box of nuts and isn’t interested. Later down the aisle he sees a colorful box with his favorite movie character â€Å"Lightning McQueen† and begs his mother to let him buy it. Guess what’s in the box? Mixed Nuts. My question is, â€Å"Does childish packaging encourage children to want that product more compared to another of the same product with duller packaging. The purpose of this project is to not fail my class, of which this is required. In 2002 Peterson and Fjellstrom found that in the United States and other leading world countries that children have gained an increased spending power in the families. This study followed a trend showing marketers began marketing their products toward the children not the parents. It has been said that every adult product from â€Å"soup to soap† has been scaled down and â€Å"funned up† to market to younger children. An increased advertising after school and on saturday morning has been added to market toys and food to children. In a study of nutritional foods and what sells them to children, Feinstein and Lobstein defined a child’s food as any product that includes at least one of the following: a character they see in a familiar cartoon, 1 Louis Carter characters appealing to kids and teens, childish animals (like a dinosaur orShow MoreRelatedHenri Fayol Management Principals Through Experience4718 Words   |  19 Pagesorganization† (Parker Louis, 1995, p.223). As Fayol himself notes, â€Å"There is not one doctrine of administration for industry and another for state enterprises; there is only one doctrine. The general principles and rules that are valuable in industry are equally valuable in the state and vice-versa† (as sited in Breeze, 1995, p.45). Despite the fact that â€Å"Most principles of management textbooks acknowledge Fayol as the father of the first theory of administration† (Carter, 1986, p.454), Fayol’sRead MoreNursing research.5083 Words   |  21 Pageschosen, as it is a comprehensive framework covering most points needed in the critiquing process. This framework can be applied to both qualitative and quantitative research. However the framework will not be used as a definitive checklist. In this assignment the first article that will be discussed is a qualitative piece of research by Simons J., Franck L. Roberson E (2001). Titled : Parent involvement in childrens pain care: views of parents and nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 36(4), 591-599Read MoreSolution Manual, Test Bank and Instructor Manuals34836 Words   |  140 PagesAccessing AUTOCAD Architecture 2012, 1st Edition_William G. Wyatt, Sr (IM) Accounting An Asian Edition, 2nd Edition_Joyce Fung-Goh B.L., Suriya Binte Shukor, Marie Christine Que Cheong, Fadhlina Samsudin, Tan Shu Hong (SM ) Accounting and Auditing Research Tools and Strategies, 6th Edition_Thomas Weirich,Thomas C. Pearson,Alan Reinstein (SM+Cases and solutions) Accounting and Financial Analysis in the Hospitality Industry_Johnathan Hales,Hubert B. Van Hoof (IM+TB) Accounting Business Reporting forRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesFoundations of Organization Structure 479 v vi BRIEF CONTENTS 4 The Organization System 16 Organizational Culture 511 17 Human Resource Policies and Practices 543 18 Organizational Change and Stress Management 577 Appendix A Research in Organizational Behavior Comprehensive Cases Indexes Glindex 637 663 616 623 Contents Preface xxii 1 1 Introduction What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Importance of Interpersonal Skills 4 What Managers Do 5 ManagementRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesunderstanding the diverse nature of organization theory Mapping some aspects of organization theory’s diversity Positivist protagonists: the truth is out there, and we can objectively know it Philosophical disputes around the role of the subjective in science Epistemological and ontolological disputes: how can we ever know the ‘truth’ and is there an ‘out there’? A few words of warning about the term postmodernism Overview of the structure and rationale of the book Chapter summaries Chapter 2: ModernistRead MoreHbr When Your Core Business Is Dying74686 Words   |  299 PagesCover Art: Joshua Gorchov continued on page 8 APRIL 2007 14 Departments 12 COMPANY INDEX 14 FROM THE EDITOR 53 2006 MCKINSEY AWARDS AND 2007 MCKINSEY JUDGES 20 What the Boss Wants from You What should CEOs and their direct reports expect from each other? When Larry Bossidy laid out his views to a group of young executives, they couldn’t take notes fast enough. You don’t have to write down what he said, though, because Larry has done it for you here. And it will be on the examRead MoreOrganisational Behavioure23151 Words   |  93 Pagesareas, researchers have studied mostly moods, and in other areas, mainly emotions. So, when we review the OB topics on emotions and moods, you may see more information on emotions in one area and moods in another. This is simply the state of the research. Also, the terminology can be confusing. For example, the two main mood dimensions are positive affect and negative affect, yet we have defined affect more broadly than mood. So, although the topic can be fairly dense in places, hang in thereRead MoreOcd - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment131367 Words   |  526 Pagessymptoms. Dr. Clark has received a number of research grants to study the cognitive basis of emotional disorders, the most recent being a Canadian federal grant to investigate intentional control of unwanted intrusive thoughts. He is also a founding member of the Obsessive Compulsive Cognitions Working Group, an international research group devoted to the study of the cognitive aspects of OCD, and the past Associate Editor of Cognitive Therapy and Research. vi Preface Preface The cognitive-behavioralRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 PagesLibrary and Information Center Management Recent Titles in Library and Information Science Text Series Library and Information Center Management, Sixth Edition Robert D. Stueart and Barbara B. Moran United States Government Information: Policies and Sources Peter Hernon, Harold C. Relyea, Robert E. Dugan, and Joan F. Cheverie Library Information Systems: From Library Automation to Distributed Information Access Solutions Thomas R. Kochtanek and Joseph R. Matthews The Complete Guide to AcquisitionsRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesManager: Kelly Warsak Senior Operations Supervisor: Arnold Vila Operations Specialist: Ilene Kahn Senior Art Director: Janet Slowik Interior Design: Suzanne Duda and Michael Fruhbeis Permissions Project Manager: Shannon Barbe Manager, Cover Visual Research Permissions: Karen Sanatar Manager Central Design: Jayne Conte Cover Art: Getty Images, Inc. Cover Design: Suzanne Duda Lead Media Project Manager: Denise Vaughn Full-Service Project Management: Sharon Anderson/BookMasters, Inc. Composition: Integra

Perception of Time Free Essays

string(102) " Time Travel shows that space is curved, time is relative, and time travel is theoretically possible\." We often brag about the technological and scientific developments of today’s modern society and how we benefit from these advancements. The barriers that were once created because of the diversity in culture were brought down by the modern trend of globalization. Culture is society’s main foundation that is deeply rooted in our native land. We will write a custom essay sample on Perception of Time or any similar topic only for you Order Now Culture is a broad term encompassing tradition, ways, and means of leaving, traits and values. Every individual belongs to a certain culture to which he has to fit his activity, values, and attributes. Everyone is raised within the confinements of his or her own culture and brought up by beliefs, traditions, values, and traits which conform to the standards set by the culture that has long been intact in our society. The line of conflict between humans with regards to their culture starts when what is culturally acceptable to us may not be acceptable to others. Even science that we used to think is universal and adheres to generally accepted human principles is predominated with the culture of the people from the western hemisphere (Bartholomew 36). Some behaviors that do not comply with the standards of a certain culture are often remarked as an abnormality or deviance. Thus, even though science applies universal scientific principles, it is never neutral in determining what is deviant or abnormal and what is not (Bartholomew 36). It can never really explain why some cultures do certain practices that are not culturally accepted in other countries. We used to separate behaviors and label them as normal, moral and legal. Other traits, practices and rituals that do not fit in what is accepted in our culture are recognized as otherwise. These activities reflect a person’s prevailing norms, values, and beliefs that he adheres to at a particular time and place (Bartholomew 36). The psychological aspect that is responsible for the discrepancies in people’s culture and how it affects our perception is cultural relativism. Cultural relativism is a theory of knowledge that is responsible for the person’s judgment on what is deemed as acceptable. This judgment is anchored to his or her beliefs, values, and attitudes that are shaped by the culture he or she was accustomed to (Bartholomew 37). Hence, the culture of individuals influences their perception on things around them. They view things according to their existing beliefs and values. Time is also perceived differently in many cultures. Individuals see time differently today than the people in the past used to ages ago. Through the invention of time devices, the people of modern times are able to track time by the hour, by the minute, by the second, and even by the millisecond. Thus, the people’s perception of time molds them and their minds. The ancient people were only aware of the fundamental time—the night and day. They used to determine time by making interpretation of the celestial and heavenly bodies. Through the use of these methods, humans also acquired an understanding of the future. They perceived the future in terms of contingencies of cause and effect relationship. People were able to utilize their environment to develop a perception of time. Their ancient clocks and calendars were the daily motion of the sun and moon, as well as the season changes (Falk n. ). In 1895, H. G. Wells’ book, The Time Machine, was made available for the public. Wells’ fiction novel opens to people the possibility of traveling through time. The idea seemed impossible, but well-known Albert Einstein explained that attaining the ability or means to travel to the future or to the past is not improbable (Gott 8). Einstein proposed his theory special relativity in 1905, describing the possibility of time travel base d on the description of how time is measured differently by moving and still observers. It is further strengthened by his mathematics professor Hermann Minowski, looking at time mathematically as the fourth dimension (Gott 8). With all the psychological differences explained by cultural relativism, the different perception of time in each culture and society, and the possibility to travel through time, a clear, if not precise, definition of perception of time can be attained. 2. 0 Sources Edwin A. Abbot in Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions provides an overview of a two-dimensional world and guides his readers through some of the implications of life in two dimensions. Meanwhile, Robert Bartholomew, in his article â€Å"Borderlands: Deviance, Psychiatry and Cultural Relativism,† explores the problem with cultural relativism, basically defined as the principle in which the belief of an individual is analyzed and interpreted in relation to the individual’s own culture. Ray Bradbury in â€Å"A Sound of Thunder† warns us that traveling to the past can be dangerous. Antonio Damasio, in his article â€Å"Remembering When† explains the concept of mind time. Dan Falk’s â€Å"Past, Present, Future PERCEPTIONS OF TIME THROUGH THE AGES† presents differences in perceiving time through different ages. Richard J. Gott, in his book Time Travel in Einstein’s Universe: The Physical Possibilities of Travel Through Time, discusses applications of time machine, wherein time travel is possible and how time travel can be explained in terms of physics and quantum mechanics. Dorinne K. Kondo in her article â€Å"On Being a Conceptual Anomaly† presents her experiences as a Japanese American woman. Robert Levine in A Geography of Time: The Temporal Misadventures of a Social Psychologist analyzes what it means to live beyond time or by time event. Richard E. Nisbett in his book The Geography of Thought: How Asians and Westerners Think Differently†¦ and Why confronts conjectures of well-known philosophers with a different take on human thought influenced by cultural ideologies and principles. The videotaped program Only Human presents few experiments which were created to learn various aspects of human behavior. The book How to Think About Weird Things: Critical Thinking for a New Age by Theodore Schick, Jr. and Lewis Vaughn provides strange assertions and ideas abound in culture to illustrate the rational assessment of any claim. Finally, the videotaped program Time Travel shows that space is curved, time is relative, and time travel is theoretically possible. You read "Perception of Time" in category "Papers" 3. 0 Results People live by the underlying rules and principles in the society where they belong. They adhere to the maxims and dogmas that have long been in existence. They pattern their everyday life according to these unwritten rules that governing the society. To conform to the traditional beliefs and values is to live harmoniously with the other people. People coexist in a society that must adapt and do what is culturally accepted to avoid being ostracized by the general public. . 1 Perception As mentioned earlier, cultural relativism explains the people’s differences in perception. People’s judgment differs from one another because they pattern things according to their cultural preferences. If something fits their criteria as prescribed by their culture, then it is acceptable for th em. Standards set by culture create cultural diversity in the world. According to Richard Nisbett, Westerners and East Asians looked at things differently resulting in dissimilarities in understanding. This is due to the difference in environment, social structures, philosophies, and educational background. In addition, it was discovered that Asian thought is holistic or a functional relationship of parts and the whole. They do not much rely on formal logic or categories. In comparison to the Westerners, people from the west mostly rely on formal logic to understand their behavior. In Dorinne Kondo’s article, â€Å"On Being a Conceptual Anomaly†, she relays her experiences upon conducting a research in Japan. She was raised as an American so she had a difficult time adjusting herself on the ways of living in Japan. This is because the Japanese perceive White people as different and offensive (Kondo 524). During the course of her stay in Japan, she had to learn their traditions, values, and most of all, their practices to be able to cope up with the new environment she was in. There came a point when she saw herself differently, not as the observer on the immersion she was doing but as part of the participants in her research. There is an existing dilemma brought by cultural relativism especially in the field of mental health. Psychiatry is a branch of psychological science that deals with human behavior. Through psychiatry, we are able to find out if we have acquired any psychological disorders. Basis on the diagnoses on such behavioral disorders is human behavior only without in-depth consideration of the underlying social, cultural, and political circumstances that brought up such behavior (Bartholomew 38). Examining closely the behavior of people’s conformity to a group is discovering the power and influence of the majority in a certain society (Only Human n. p) Psychiatry can be considered as the most debatable branch of medicine. There is a necessary clarification on the term mental illness. â€Å"Illness† denotes an impairment or injury on any body’s part. People who were diagnosed with mental illness do not have any injury, but only suffering living difficulties (Bartholomew 38). Based from the ideas discussed by Nisbett and Kondo, an American may experience difficulty adapting to an environment different from his usual environment and therefore may be tagged as mentally ill by the Japanese, or it could be the other way around. This just shows that there is an existing conflict brought about by cultural relativism. Due to the diversity of culture, there is no strong fundamental basis on what is a behavioral disorder. 3. 2 Time In a world where time is considered as a necessity while many of us try to squeeze in the tasks that we have to accomplish with the little time that we have, it is fascinating, and at the same time important, to learn how time was viewed and used through the course of human civilization. Across the centuries, humans have looked and treated time differently the way their ancestors used to perceive time. At present, there is an international standard of telling time and it is universal, for every nation adheres to that standard. Due to the rotation of the earth, people experience differences in time—when it is day in the east, it is nighttime in the west. Humans have developed a biological clock or circadian rhythm based on the daily activities and lifestyle of a person. This clock is located in the hypothalamus of one’s brain. This is responsible for how a person’s body perceives time. For instance, it is nighttime in his or her biological clock if he or she feels tired and sleepy (Damasio 36). When the region of the brain that is highly important for learning and recalling new information is damaged, a major disturbance occurs in a person’s innate ability to place events in a chronological sequence. This is what happens to amnesiacs or people suffering from amnesia. They lose the ability to estimate the passage of time in different scales (Damasio 36). Amnesia is a permanent damage on the brain’s hippocampus, a part of the brain essential to memory, and the temporal lobe, a region of the brain that serves as a two-way communication with the rest of the cerebral cortex. Damage in the hippocampus hinders the creation of new memories. Patients with an impaired hippocampus are known to have anterograde amnesia. They are unable to hold factual memories for longer than one minute. On the other hand, the amnesiacs that are unable to retrieve long-term memories are diagnosed with retrograde amnesia, which is characterized by an impaired in temporal lobe (Damasio 36). Amnesiacs do not have awareness of the correct time, which makes it difficult for them to place events in the right chronological order and store new factual memories. This deficiency greatly affects their way of living and their social interaction. The idea of time travel has not escape the imaginative minds of people. In 1895, H. G. Wells published the book The Time Machine, which opened the idea of time travel to the public. The proposition seemed so impossible but the physicist Einstein attempted to explain the possibility of such phenomenon through physics (Gott 8). In 1905, Einstein developed his theory of special relativity and explained how time is measured differently by still and moving objects. Einstein’s mathematics professor Hermann Minowski expanded his theory and told that time could be treated mathematically as the universe’s fourth dimension (Gott 8). If their proposition is correct, their theory would allow humans to travel back in time or go forth to the future. However, Ray Bradbury stated the dangers of time travel to the past and the possible effects to the present once the course of history is altered. Hence, the events that happened in the past cannot be touched for it will greatly affect the current circumstances. 3. 3 Perception of Time. Time is treated also differently in every culture. The differences in perception of things could be attributed to the cultural relativism aforementioned. Awareness of time is very important to humans. Today, we are paid by the hour and our daily routines are based on time. Our early ancestors utilized everything that can be found in their environment to be able to tell time. They used the daily motions of the moon and sun. Assuming an unconventional movement of the celestial bodies resulted in certain phenomena, they were able to perceive the future through a cause-and-effect relationship (Falk n. p). For example, the Babylonians had their way of foretelling events by means of hepatoscopy, which involves sacrificing a liver. They believed that through this ritual, the gods allow them to foresee the future (Schick and Vaughn 97). Different cultures developed various methods and devices to determine time. For instance, the Romans developed the calendar, which was by Pope Gregory XIII. The perception of time could also be considered necessary in one’s cultural requirements. This is evident in the empires established in Latin America. These empires dictated how to regulate time in order to fix civil, agricultural, and religious dates. On the other hand, Muslims, maintain strict daily routine of timely prayers to keep track of time (Falk n. p). Today, we treat time as inanimate, passing in a constant rate. We are all considered as slaves of time. We can never hasten up or slow down the passage of time. However, this was not the case for the Maya, as time is organic for them. According to the Mayas, time can be stretched, shrunk, or even overpowered by human activity. In fact, many cultures perceived time as organic in nature. In these cultures, time was told through human activities and not through the constraints of a clock or a calendar (Falk n. ). 4. 0 Discussion In light of the findings provided by the sources, the existence of various traditions, beliefs, and values anchored to their culture has created a disparity in people’s perception. People act in accordance to their culture and society where they live. Behavior and action against the prevailing norms will be perceived by other people as a deviatio n or as a mental illness. This disparity in perception of right and wrong could be attributed to cultural relativism, or the difference in cultural beliefs and values. Throughout history, people have developed their perception of time. Our ancestors used conventional tools and devices to be able to tell time. Through the use of astrological components, they were able to acquire an understanding of the future events through cause-and-effect relationship by connecting a certain lunar or solar manifestation that resulted in certain events. Perception of time greatly depends on the brain’s functioning. An impairment of certain regions of the brain responsible for holding and storing memories and sequencing events in a chronological order deeply affects an individual’s perception of time. An example of this brain disorder is amnesia. Amnesiacs have an incorrect perception of time due to their ailment. The idea of time travel that seems unworkable was made theoretically possible by Einstein. In his theory of special relativity, he explained that the treating time as the universe’s fourth dimension can make time travel possible. Still, there are dangers in traveling back to the past because it may alter the course of events and the present situations. There is no universal perception of time. Time is perceived differently in various cultures. Some culture perceive it as inanimate, others treat it as organic that can be controlled by human activity. How to cite Perception of Time, Papers

Aisha best friend of Muhammad the Messenger of God Essay Example For Students

Aisha best friend of Muhammad the Messenger of God Essay Aisha was the youngest daughter of Abu Bekr, himself the chief advisor, the first disciple, and best friend of Muhammad the Messenger of God. It was customary in those days, and still is today in Arabia, for a man of property and substance to have many wives. In offering his daughter to Muhammad, Abu Bekr was trying to solidify his ties with that great man, hoping an issue would spring forth to carry on the name of both Muhammad and Aisha. The Qoran allows a man to have up to four wives. Exceptions are made for exceptional men. All told, Muhammad had more than a dozen wives of different ages and of every type. One wife, for example, Miriyam, was given to the Prophet by a prince of Egypt. She bore him a son whom they named Abrahim, but he died as an infant. In fact all of the sons sired by Muhammad died in their youth. He was rich with daughters. And wives. Aisha was his youngest wife, a mere prepubescent child, not yet a teenager, and his favorite. The time is the early 600s AD The former caravan merchant his enemies liked to deride him as the camel driver had founded a new religion called Islam. In Arabic, Islam means submission. Submission to Allah. Muhammad destroyed the pagan gods of the Bedouins, and taught his countrymen to worship one God. In Arabic, Allah means the God. Muhammad single-handedly raised the Arabs to the religious level of the Jews and Christians, who similarly worshipped one God. After his death, Islam spread far and wide and was in its time the preserver of the highest culture, arts, and sciences in the civilized world. Are we not right in assuming that the God who spoke to Muhammad was the same as our God? Surely so. Muhammad was an imposing man. He was a mystic who went into trances, as did all the prophets in the Bible. When he came out of those trances, he would utter the most beautiful poetry anyone in Arabia had ever heard. The poetry, which is recorded in the Moslem Holy Book, The Qoran, was all the more astounding in that Muhammad was not a literary man. He was the unlettered prophet, and some say that he neither knew how to read nor write. While this is doubtful, it is certain that he did not know how to write poetry. He was not a Reciter, as they called poets in Arabia who made a living reciting their poems in the houses of noblemen, much as Homer did among the ancient Greeks. Muhammad must have been touched by divine inspiration to produce the exquisite phrases of The Qoran. He also was an active man skilled in leadership, business, politics, and even warfare. It is not difficult to see why men gave up their lives for him. He was charismatic in appearance as well. This is how he is described by one of his biographers: Slightly above middle size, his figure, though spare, was handsome and commanding; the chest broad and open; the bones and framework large, and the joints well-knit together. His neck was broad and finely molded. His head, unusually large, gave space for a broad and noble brow. The hair, thick, jet black and slightly curling, fell down over his ears. The eyebrows were arched and joined. His countenance was thin but ruddy. His large eyes, intensely black and piercing, received additional luster from long, dark eyelashes. The nose was high and slightly aquiline, but fine, and at the end attenuated. The teeth were set apart. A long, black, thick beard, reaching to the breast, added manliness and presence. His expression was pensive and contemplative. His faced beamed with intelligence. Although his recitations were recorded by his secretaries in The Qoran, most of the personal details of his life were recorded by his friends in their reminiscences and journals. We owe to Aisha some of the most crucial details of how the Messenger of God lived and prayed. It was she who told us about the first vision that came to Muhammad during his customary retreat of fasting and contemplation in a cave in the hills. There appeared unto him the vision of the Archangel Gabriel who ordered Muhammad to recite. Muhammad was most frightened. What shall I recite? he asked. I dont know how to recite. I am not a man of letters. The archangel Gabriel was unmoved. Recite, he commanded. A shaken Muhammad went home, disbelieving in what he had heard. It could have been a dream, thats all. But his first wife, Khadija, encouraged him to believe in his visions. Thereafter, Muhammad was called the Messenger of God, or the Prophet, or the Apostle. This encounter with the archangel was memorialized in the Qoran in the following passage: In the Name of God, the Merciful, the Compassionate Recite: In the name of thy Lord who created created Man of a blood-clot. Recite: And thy Lord is the Most Generous, who taught by the Pen, aught Man that he knew not. Khadija, who was older than Muhammad and very rich, later died and left Muhammad all her wealth. No other woman ever competed for Muhammads devotion as she did. But she died before him, and a man must have sons as heirs. And so Muhammad later married many others. The account of this first vision comes to us not from Khadija, then, but by Aish a, who wrote: Solitude became dear to him and he would go to a cave on Mount Hira to engage in meditation there for a number of nights before returning to his family. Then he would go home for a short time to procure for another stay. Investment in Russia EssayIn some backward areas of the world, in rural Pakistan for example, if a married woman is seen so much as conversing with another man not her husband, the womans father or her brother or her husband have the right to slay both of them. It has happened, and the murderers are not punished but set free. It came to pass that Aisha was on a caravan. During the journey home, she slept late and did not notice that the caravan had decamped without her. She waited at the oasis for help to arrive, which was sure to come after the people in the caravan discovered her absence. While she was thus waiting, a young man appeared and offered to wait with her so as to give her his protection. When the search party from the caravan arrived, they found the two together talking. Aisha was taken to her camel and the young man was driven off and told to hide for his life. Rumors about the incident began to circulate as soon as the caravan reached Medina. People called for a disposition of the matter by Muhammad, upholder of the Faith. While there were no witnesses to the affair, and none could say, what actually happened save Aisha herself, the moral code demanded that a ruling be forthcoming and a punishment. Muhammads other wives cackled at the rumors. They all resented Aishas popularity with the Prophet and were jealous of her influence over him. Even one so august as the Messenger of God had to go through the formal adjudication of this case. In hindsight, it is clear that he was not about to cast off Aisha, proving once again that he was a man of unusual understanding and prescience. Before her father and mother, Muhammad called upon Aisha to confess herself if she had done wrong, for God accepted the repentance of sinners. In a flood of tears, the young girl insisted she had nothing to confess. Suddenly, Muhammad rolled his eyes and wobbled of foot. These were the unmistakable signs, as they had come to be recognized, that the Prophet was about to have a revelation from God. The roomful of people made way. Muhammad lay down and was covered with a cloak. A leather cushion was placed under his head. During the trance it is not recorded how long it was, but it must have been appropriately long, long enough to receive a message from God Muhammad sweat profusely. At last, he woke up from the trance and made the announcement which was to seal Aishas fate. Aisha herself wrote his words. Muhammad mopped the sweat running down his face and said, Good news, Aisha! God has sent down word that you are innocent. He then gave orders for the three men, who were chiefly responsible for circulating the scandal, each to be flogged with eighty lashes, one of them being the Apostles chief poet, Hassan ibn Thabit. Muhammad died of pneumonia in Mecca, where he had moved from Medina and reclaimed the city which held the House of God, holder of the Kaaba stone. This is where Moslems of all nations are enjoined to go at least once in their lives in pilgrimage to fast and perambulate the rude enclosure that houses the Kaaba stone an ancient iron meteorite which fell to earth near a well in Mecca. On his death bed, Muhammad was attended at his side by Aisha alone. She was the only one in his presence when he died. She had bore him no sons. The holy see of Islam fell into the hands of others, one of them being Muhammads son-in-law Ali, husband of Fatima, Muhammads daughter from his very first marriage. It bedevils me to no end when I consider that Muhammad left no male heirs, though he certainly had more opportunities to do so than anyone in history save perhaps the Sultans of Turkey. What ever could have possessed Allah to deny his Messenger a male heir? It would have been a small favor for God to accomplish. Whenever I try to get inside Gods mind, of course, I founder in my own paltry ignorance. As the Qoran says, and here God speaks in the first person: In the Name of God, the Merciful, the Compassionate By the night enshrouding and the day in splendor and That which created the male and the female, urely your striving is to diverse ends. As for him who gives and is god fearing and confirms the reward most fair, We shall surely ease him to the Easing. But as for him who is a miser, and self-sufficient, and cries lies to the reward most fair, We shall surely ease him to the Hardship: his wealth shall not avail him when he perishes. Surely upon Us rests the guidance, and to Us bel ong the Last and the First. So I say I am a Mussulman in spirit. My attitude is one of submission, not to any man but to Allah. I submit to the power of a Higher Being, though his ways I understand not. I am reminded to rejoice even in suffering. I submit to His will and accept the things that life throws before me, good and bad alike. This is the essential message of all religions. We see it in the life of Moses, when God forbids him from crossing the River Jordan, thereby to enter the Land of Milk and Honey. We see it in the life of Jesus, who dies on the cross thinking that his Father has forsaken him. We see it in Muhammad in his lack of a son who outlives his father. We see it in small ways in our own lives. Should we not then take solace from the story of Aisha? Should we not imitate God and laugh?

Theoretical Models free essay sample

Running head: Theoretical Models Theoretical Models Jennifer Finehirsh Grand Canyon University RDG 525 July 6, 2010 Abstract The following paper will address four different instructional approaches, as well as the theories, which influenced each of them. It will them have a rational for way these four where chosen and how they affect the school setting. Theoretical Models There are many ways to teach new concepts to students. The four ways that you will read about today is the direct instruction model, cooperative learning, thematic teaching, and finally differentiated instruction. The first model that we will look at is the direct instruction model. This model may be used in many different subjects and areas. According to one of the articles, direct instruction is an explicit, scientifically based model of effective instruction, which was developed in the 1960’s by a man named Siegfried Engelmann (Adams Engelmann, 1996). The idea behind direct instruction is to get more accomplished in less time. We will write a custom essay sample on Theoretical Models or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The one way that this can be down is by controlling the environment and how the material is taught. It is believed that within this model it is the teachers’ fault if the students did not learn, not the student’s fault for not learning what was taught. The model starts by teaching with the big idea in mind. Then the teacher needs to make sure that he or she is communicating clearly. The teachers are also to follow a clear format that is easy to be taught. They are to do this while making sure that the skills are taught in a particular sequence and assessing the students all the time, so that they know when to adjust their teaching skills. This approach may work for a majority of student, but might do better with some of the cooperative learning incorporated into this model as well. With that being said, the second model that is of interest is the cooperative learning model. There are a dozen or more researchers that have developed cooperative training models, but the two people that we will look at today have had a lot to do with the cooperative learning model which many teachers use within their classrooms are Dr. Spencer Kagan and Miguel Kagan. Starting back in 1982 Dr. Kagan began his company Kagan Publishing, which allowed him to help produce many different items for teachers to use within the classroom. The publishing books allowed teachers to introduce cooperative learning using the multiple intelligences (Kagan, 2002). According to an article Dr. Kagan says,† The Kagan structures have a profound impact on what is learned because their positive educational outcomes are a function of changing not what we teach but how we teach† (Kagan, 2002). We can see cooperative learning as being a successful teaching strategy being used to assist small groups of students, which are at different developmental levels of ability, to help improve their understanding of new subjects. With that being said, within each team the member each have a job to do. If followed correctly it will result in team members helping each other learn and they will in turn all be learning in a positive way. The students will work together as a team to complete the task until all of the successful understand and complete it (Daniel, P. 004). The best part about this approach is that each and every child has a job to do with the help of their group and these skills that they are learning in cooperative learning will also help them with essential life skills, as well as how to work collaboratively. The third approach we will look at is thematic teaching. Thematic teaching is where a teacher plans so that the students can use what they have been learning in say R eading in all other areas of learning also. The concepts are not taught in isolation, instead they are taught within each area of the day. According to one of the articles was read, thematic instruction has been proven to assist in higher learning gains within the classroom (Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory, 2005). The goal that the teacher needs to remember is that when picking a theme it needs to be one that the students will find interesting, as well as age appropriate for their learning styles. When starting out the new theme it should be addressed so that it may cover many areas of knowledge and this will in turn keep the students wondering and asking questions. With students asking questions, that means that they are engaged and when they are engaged students will be learning more. One of the statements that were found said, â€Å"Students learn through different modes, styles and multiple intelligences. Teachers should access and integrate these modes for increasing opportunities for students to access and retain new knowledge† (Gardner, 1993). This approach once again I found works great. I have used this approach within my classroom in the past, but like I said before I used it along with cooperative learning as well. The last and final teaching approach we will look at is differentiated instruction. This is huge were I live. Differentiated instruction is done so that all children may learn at their level. Not every student learns the same or as quick as others, so this approach is to help address that problem within the classroom. With differentiated instruction the teacher is providing the students with a different avenue in so that all students can learn effectively, no matter what difference they have within their abilities. Lev Vygotsky proved that all learners learn differently according to their readiness and that the readiness for each individual should match that of the learner (Allan Tomlinson, 2000). That means that it each student should be able to show that they have learned something in a variety of ways. Not every student will be able to show their understanding on something through a pencil and paper test, as well as they might be able to show it through a play or reenactment. Vygotsky believed that every child is different and that is why teachers need to teach in a variety of ways. With each teaching model you will come across some pros and cons. The problem is deciding which model to use that will work best with your individual classroom. It might even change year by year, since the students that you will be teaching are changing and evolving. Above I have given many different reasons on why the approaches work. However, the one that I have used the most and find to work the best with all of my classes this far is differentiated instruction. Yes it seems to take longer to plan, but my students have always made tremendous improvements. As well as differentiated instruction I have enjoyed using the cooperative learning as well within my classroom. This allows each of my students to, not only be available to learn in a manner that is best suited for them; but they are also learning some new information from their peers. In all actuality all four approaches seem to work, but like I said it depends on the teacher and the students for which one works best or maybe use all of them. The school district and then the school principal is actually the one who says which theoretical model to use. So that means that when apply for a position it is important that you have the same beliefs as the school does, because if not it might not be a good fit for you. I leave you with this. Does one method really work better then any other? References Adams, G. L. , Engelmann, S. (1996). Research on Direct Instruction: 25 years beyond DISTAR. Seattle, WA: Educational Achievement Systems. Allan, S. D. Tomlinson, C. A. 2000). Leadership for differentiating schools and classrooms. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Daniels, P. (2004). An Overview of Gardners multiple Intelligences, Kagans structures and Tomlinsons differentiated instruction and their correlation to Nunleys layered curriculum. Gilbert, Arizona. http://help4teachers. com/PatPaper. htm Innovative Teaching Concepts (2002). What are thematic teaching and curriculum? Retrieved J uly 6, 2010. From http://www. todaysteacher. com/ThematicTeaching. tm Kagan, S. (2002). Kagan structures: research and rationale in a nutshell, Kagan Online Magazine-Spencers Thinkpad. www. kaganonline. com/Articles/Freearticles/ResearchInNutshell. html Kagan, S. (2004). Cooperative Learning. San Clemente, CA: Kagan Publishing. http://edtech. kennesaw. edu/intech/cooperativelearning. htm Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory (2005). Focus on effectiveness-research-based stratiegies. Portland, Oregon. Retrieved July 6, 2010 from http://www. netc. org/focus/strategies/them. php