Critical review on an article Literature Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Critical on an article - Literature review Example As such, the policy document by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (2011, p. 7) has proposed the following reforms: â€Å"raising the required quality and quantity of capital in the banking system, improving risk coverage, introducing a leverage ratio to serve as a backstop to the risk-based regime, introducing capital conservation and countercyclical buffers as well as a global standard for liquidity risk.† These reforms are meant to improve the resilience of the banking sector during such trying times that are characterised by unprecedented changes in the global economy. It has been noted that international banks are often affected by externalities in their operations of which they have little control over them. For instance, G-SIBs in different countries had little control over the impacts of the recent global financial crisis that witnessed the closure of some financial institution which could not sustain their operations. Main objective of the policy proposal The main objective of the policy proposal suggested by the Basel Committee (2011, p. ... Therefore, in order for these policy frameworks to be effective, they should be developed from a global standpoint where different countries contribute towards the policy formulation which will guide the operations of all international financial institutions. The Financial Stability Board (FSB) in consultation with different nations will help implement these policy changes which will be applied on a global level. Indicator-based measurement approach The indicator based measurement approach has been recommended by the Basel Committee and this method is based on various indicators that have been carefully chosen to identify the factors that often generate negative externalities that can affect on the global financial institutions in cases of global financial crisis which require a global solution rather than a national solution. Both quantitative and qualitative methods will be used to complement each other in carrying out this measurement. The main advantage of this strategy is that i t involves many dimensions of systemic importance which include the following: size, cross-jurisdictional activity, interconnectedness, substitutability and complexity. Size- the element of size of a banking institution is very important given that if it is a large institution, its failure is likely to impact negatively on the global economy. Cross-jurisdictional activity- the activities of the bank in other countries can impact negatively on their economies in the event of failure or distress. Therefore, this indicator need to be established while there is still time so that it does not spill over to the economies of the other countries and the globe at large. Interconnectedness- the level of interconnectedness of the G-SIBs means that they can share the spoils in the

Mid-term history exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Mid-term history exam - Essay Example The fundamental changes happening in the natural sciences, in particular, generated a new image of the universe that emphasized the supernatural less (Westfall). This proved crucial for a gradual change in society and an increasingly deemphasized role of religion in our modern society. An example of such a change in ideas was the replacement of the Earth with the Sun as the center of the universe, which contradicted Aristotelian and Christian scientific doctrines. The Age of Enlightenment, like the scientific revolution, was the source of dramatic change in European society, centered primarily in the 18th century. The movement changed the way people thought about the world, insofar as it created a shift to a so-called â€Å"rational† view of the universe. Instead of allowing the â€Å"sacred circle†, which refers to the hereditary aristocracy and leaders of the church, to continue, the Enlightenment allowed individuals and thought to break through the value systems of t he past (Gay). Among these new values were those of freedom, democracy, and reason as the goals and reason for society. In particular, the idea that rationality ought to be applied to every problem left a significant impact on many areas of society. These kinds of fundamental shifts in thinking are what made scientific advancements, like those seen during the scientific revolution, possible in the first place. Scholars contrast the Age of Enlightenment with the Middle Ages, which is nearly universally held to be a time of scientific and rational suppression (Lindberg). In terms of science during the Middle Ages, most of the inquiry was based around the texts of ancient scholars like Avicenna and Aristotle. Scientific practices from these ancient sources were marginally empirical and often depended on philosophical systems about how the universe was structured, as opposed to utilizing mathematical functions or previously acquired empirical knowledge to make new hypotheses. As a resul t, the science from the Middle Ages was lacking in productivity or practical applications to the problems of society. The scientific revolution, which sought the practical aspect of science, and the Enlightenment, which sought the application of reason to life’s problems, changed this emphasis. However, the Middle Ages did leave a lasting impact on the practice of science, through to the modern period, which is the university system where science was centralized and practiced openly (Lindberg). Even if the science practiced in these universities was strongly influenced by the religious doctrines that governed the universities, the practice of locating the practice of that science into one location was a lasting influence. The Enlightenment has directly affected modernity in a number of ways, including but not limited to the political revolutions of the late 18th century in America and France. Although the French revolution eventually became an exercise in irrationality and hy steria, the ideas behind it and the American revolution were born out of a changing value structure in society. No longer were the â€Å"sacred circle† that highest value and hierarchically placed at the top of society; rather, it was ideas and reason placed at the top of this structure. Governing a society with ideas led to the concept of the â€Å"rule of law†

Unnecessary care in nursing homes Research Paper

Unnecessary care in nursing homes - Research Paper Example According to a 2006 report by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 23.5% of nursing home residents were hospitalized for unnecessary reasons. In 2010, the World Health Organization revealed that up to 17% of the imaging services prescribed for nursing home residents are unnecessary. This review documents literature on the different aspects of unnecessary care in nursing homes. Ouslander & Berenson (2011) researched on how to reduce unnecessary hospitalizations among nursing home residents. Their study sought to answer the research question of the ways of reducing unnecessary hospitalizations of nursing home residents. The study used a descriptive study design. They found that on-call physicians who are not familiar with the conditions of nursing home residents send them for x-rays that cost Medicare up to $ 10,000 when they would have cost $ 200 only. They concluded that on-call nurse practitioners who visit nursing homes regularly can help reduce misdiagnosis on the conditions of nursing home residents further reducing unnecessary hospitalization among of these residents. Rollin et al (1997) investigated the necessity of imaging services in nursing homes. This was an analysis that sampled individuals who had ever been residents of nursing homes. It sought an answer to the question of whether there are imaging services that are unnecessary. The study found that twenty five percent of all (electrocardiographic services) EKGs conducted in nursing homes in the United States in 1994 in were unnecessary. This cost Medicare a total of $ 8.4 million all of which could have gone to other medically necessary procedures. These authors found that physicians can order for and interpret EKGs for selfish reasons. They concluded that physicians should be checked whether they routinely bill for unnecessary care services. Ashcraft and Champion (2012) investigated the symptomatology that makes physicians

Duress Is Not a Defence to Murder Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Duress Is Not a Defence to Murder - Essay Example The word ‘duress’ can be explained as a compulsion on an accused by a third party to carry out a murder, or else , he might have witnessed a cruel harm, including death from such a third party.This research essay will analyse how duress cannot be claimed as a defence to murder as held in R v Howe with decided other case laws on the subject.Analysis In Attorney-General v Whelan, 2 it was held that duress is a threat with an instant death or grave body injury to the defendant, and if he refuses to carry out the order of a third party and it should be acknowledged as a validation for action, which would else be regarded as a criminal offense.3 In the earlier times, if duress is claimed as a defence, then the prosecution has the duty to prove beyond doubt that the defendant was not indulged in a crime under duress. However, now, the onus to prove the duress defence claims rests with an accused. Duress cannot be successful in case where there is a claim of peril of lesser har m such as damage to assets or false imprisonment. As held in R v Howe, if there is an instant threat of a serious body injury or death, then defence under duress can be claimed for crimes other than murder and treason.4 Under English law, duress as a defence is not available to attempted murder, murder, or any kind of treason. Hence, the crucial issue was whether duress was a valid defence in murder cases. A defendant may claim duress as an excuse that connotes the defendant had been compelled to act under such a harsh danger that precluding from the crime could not rationally be expected.6 Duress by circumstances and duress by threat are differentiated as to the basis of the threat. Duress per minas (by a threat) starts from a human peril while duress by circumstances involves a peril of natural origin. Both threats can qualify as a valid excuse. In DPP for Northern Ireland v Lynch, 7 Lord Simon observed that duress is just a specific usage of the canon of necessity. In this case, it was held by the Lords that defence of duress was available to a collaborator. In this case, the lords observed that where a defendant is left with two alternatives, which are between the peril of death or grave injury, and if he wantonly put an end to life of an innocent, an ordinary individual should think that one naive human life is as precious as that of his family members and in such event, the defendant cannot argue that he is preferring the least significant of the two evils. Likewise, in R v Gotts,8 it was held that duress is not a justification to an attempted slaughter.9 In normal parlance, the courts would not acknowledge a defence of duress when an abnormal injury is made by the defendant .This is known as a test of proportionality as held in R v Howe.10 Likewise, the duress shield can fail if the prosecution is able to demonstrate that the defendant had a chance to avert the threat from the third party by taking timely help from the police, and if the defendant negle cted to do so, the defence of duress would not be successful as held in R v Hasan.11 Lord Bingham in the R v Hasan case viewed that the peril may be to the defendant or to his family or to a known person of the defendant. Hence, peril against the welfare of the defendant’s family, or to his life or to the life of the person known to the defendant, will be an adequate proof of duress.12 In R v Fitzpatrick,13 it was held that a gang member who had been compelled to indulge in murder could not raise a defence of dur

The Not-So-Wonderful World of Euro Disney Case Study

The Not-So-Wonderful World of Euro Disney - Case Study Example The company said these efforts led to "a substantial increase" in attendance and hotel occupancy, and to a 17% rise in operating revenue" (Cateora, P. and Graham, J., p. 614.) Another factor that contributed to the park's unsuccessful year was that transatlantic airfare wars and currency movements led to visits to Orlando's Disneyworld being less expensive than going to Paris. The weather in Florida was sunny and the beaches are nearby. The saw EuroDisney as another form of American imperialism, or an extension of the American Empire. "American Empire is a term relating to the political, economic, military and cultural influence of the United States," explains Wikipedia (2008). The factors that played into the unsuccessful first year could have been foreseen somewhat easily by EuroDisney and/or the parent company. The same goes for their being able to control them. Hostility among the French had risen even as the plans were being set as it was stated earlier, that they did not want American imperialism invading their country and culture. Cateora, P. and Graham, J., p. ... The French were upset during the early advertising because of the advertisement's focus on the size and glitz instead of the different rides and attractions. (Cateora, P. and Graham, J., p.614.) As most of us know, advertising plays a very strong role in our world today. Nowadays it seems that the only way to avoid any form of advertising is to isolate oneself and live in a cave but not all advertising is negative and bad. It is found almost everywhere Student's Last Name 3 such as just by walking on the street, driving a car, or watching TV. Ference (2004) reports, "Every surface that could possibly have an ad slapped on it -- clothing, buses, taxis, myriad walls and billboards, even the snow you ski on -- now hawks something." According to Wikipedia encyclopedia, "Advertising is the promotion of goods, services, companies and ideas, usually performed by an identified sponsor. Marketers see advertising as part of an overall promotional strategy. ("Advertising", 2006). Companies are bombarding us with thousands of different ads with only one intention: to persuade us to buy their products. Every advertiser or company must do more than just make a product, give it an attractive price, and offer it to the consumer. They have to also communicate and promote it to their current and future customers; they have to advertise it. Advertisers appeal to the lusts, desires, and wants of the target market or potential customer. Therefore, the ability to foresee tha t the advertising was getting a negative response was obvious and this could have been somewhat controlled by EuroDisney and/or the parent company Disney. Yes, advertising bombards us everywhere but it is not without control and regulation by thegovernment,

Multispecies Models as an Improvement on Single Species Models for Mea Assignment

Multispecies Models as an Improvement on Single Species Models for Measuring Fishing Impacts on Marine Ecosystem - Assignment Example The study is thorough and provides a deep insight of the multispecies modeling tools along with the single species models and their impacts. In the more recent studies on the topic of multispecies fish modeling and harvesting the factors that can impact the rate of harvesting is usually considered. The purpose is to target and examine the sources. Another study is conducted in the year 2013 in which the authors tried to find the cooperative and non-co operative harvesting in the multispecies fish war models. This paper emphasizes on the role played by support for the sustainable supervision of a broken ecosystem. The authors Daniel Pauly, Villy Christensen and Carl Walton in their study named as the â€Å"Ecopath, Ecoism and Ecospace as tools for Evaluating Ecosystem Impacts of Fisheries† thoroughly studied the key features for the reconceptualized approach. Not only this, they designed two indices based theorem in which they tried to qualify the impacts of an ecosystem on the fisheries. In the research, they used the truth based statistics collected from the users of the Eco Path and extracted from their feedbacks. They further discussed the implementation made up to the date and the limitations of the Eco System. They commented that some of the implementations have been made but the process of up gradation is very slow and it requires quite an effort. In another recent study, the authors studied the statistical and empirical identification of the multispecies fish harvesting Zones. The purpose of the study was to discuss the factors that can help in improving the monitoring and the management of the specific multispecies fish zones. The impacts and the ideas are not only the main theme of the recent researches but  some researchers also conducted the studies on the issues of the multispecies fish modeling and harvesting. Like in a paper the author from India highlighted the problem of harvesting two competing fish species together. For this, he designed a bioeconomic model. Also, the Marine Fisheries Service published their report on the topic of optimal multispecies harvesting in the presences of the nuisance species.  

Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, Inc Assignment

Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, Inc - Assignment Example Jan Hannah had bought a building in July 1980 in the city of Cleburne’s 201 Featherston Street which she planned to lease to the CLC so that they could establish a group home for the mentally retarded. This home was to be operated by the staffs of CLC who were to supervise thirteen mentally disabled men and women. This building had a total of four bedrooms and two bathrooms with an additional bathroom to be added later on. The ground work was as set and worked out only the legal aspect remained. The city of Cleburne informed the CLC that for operation of such a home, a special permit was required in accordance with the city’s zoning regulations. This special permit was necessary for such institutions as hospitals, correctional centers as well as rehabilitation centers. The permit is renewable annually. CLC complied with the request by submitting a permit application for the special use permit for the group home which the city had classified as a home for the feebly minded. Later on the city denied the special use permit to CLC on a three to one vote during a public hearing on the matter. Following the denial of the special permit, the CLC sued the city of Cleburne in a Federal District Court arguing that the zoning ordinance was wrongfully applied against them and that the decision to deny them the permit was an act of discrimination against the mentally handicapped in the society and an outright violation of equal protection rights of CLC and the potential inhabitants of the group home. The court found that were it not for the mental incapacitation of the potential inhabitants of the group home, then the special permit would have been granted, the District court went on to validate the city’s ordinance and decision as constitutionally acceptable. This court also established that were not suspect or quasi-suspect class and it held that the rational test